An unusually elongated styloid process - An accidental finding

Background Eagle’s syndrome (Elongated styloid process) is often misdiagnosed due to its vague symptomatology. The diagnosis relies on detail history taking, palpation of styloid process in tonsillar fossa and imaging modalities.Objective To assess the length and medial angulation of elongated styloid process with the help of three dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scan and to describe our clinical and surgical experience with patients suffering from Eagle’s syndrome.Method Prospective, analytical study conducted from August 2011 to August 2012 among 39 patients with Eagle’s syndrome. Detailed history taking, clinical examination and 3D CT scan was performed. Length and medial angulation was calculated. Patients with styloid process length longer than 2.50 cm underwent surgical excision via intraoral approach. Medial angulation of styloid process on both sides was correlated with each other using rank correlation coefficient. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was applied to test significant difference between pre-operative and post-operative symptoms scores.Result Significant positive correlation was found between the medial angulation of styloid process on right side and left side (? =0.81, p<0.001). Significant difference was also observed between pre and post-operative symptoms scores (z=-5.16, p<0.001) .Conclusion Possibility of Eagle’s syndrome should always be considered while examining patients with vague neck pain. 3D CT reconstruction is a gold standard investigation which helps in studying the relation of styloid process with surrounding structures along with accurate measurement of its length and medial angulation.Kathmandu Univ Med J 2013; 11(4): 305-309

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Carotid artery dissection due to elongated styloid process

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.53.8.1886 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 53 (8) ◽

pp. 1886-1886 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

M. Zuber ◽

J. F. Meder ◽

J. L. Mas

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Carotid Artery Dissection ◽

Artery Dissection ◽

Elongated Styloid Process

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Styloid process elongation and calcification in subjects with tmd: clinical and radiographic aspects

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402012000400023 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 443-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Kelly Machado de Andrade ◽

Carolina Almeida Rodrigues ◽

Plauto C. Aranha Watanabe ◽

Marcelo Oliveira Mazzetto

Keyword(s):

Orofacial Pain ◽

Panoramic Radiograph ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Eagle’S Syndrome ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Elongated Styloid Process ◽

Cephalometric Radiograph ◽

Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph ◽

Process Length

Knowledge of the Eagle's syndrome shows that its symptoms can be very easily confused with other types of craniomandibular disorders, especially temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this study was to find a possible correlation between the presence of TMD and elongation of the styloid process as well relate to presence of calcification of the stilohyoid chain. Fifty patients with TMD, confirmed from the RDC/TMD, were examined clinically and radiographically. Radiographic documentation consisted of digital panoramic radiograph and digital lateral cephalometric radiograph. Radiocef software (Radiomemory) was used for the analysis of radiographs by means of specific cephalometric tracing and linear measurements of the styloid process. Each radiograph was traced and measured three times with intervals of 1 month to spread the error. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's test (p=0.001) using Biostat 4.0 statistical software. Result showed an incidence of 76% elongation of the styloid process in the sample. There was a correlation between the bilateral measures taken in panoramic radiographs (?<0.001) and also for measures of styloid process length carried out in different panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalometric radiographs (?<0.001). It was concluded that there is prevalence of elongated styloid process in patients with TMD. However, no relationship was found between measurements on the stylohyoid chain and symptoms of headache, orofacial pain, tinnitus and vertigo.

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Prevalence and features of elongated styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-021-04285-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fernanda Nogueira-Reis ◽

Larissa de Oliveira Reis ◽

Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele ◽

Deborah Queiroz Freitas ◽

Cinthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Elongated Styloid Process

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A case of elongated styloid process in a modern-age skull from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

Folia Morphologica ◽

10.5603/fm.2015.0110 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 475-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Dąbrowski ◽

S. Gronkiewicz ◽

D. Soliński ◽

A. Pers ◽

K. Lachowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Styloid Process ◽

Elongated Styloid Process ◽

Modern Age

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Occurrence of the Elongated Styloid Process on Digital Panoramic Radiographs in the Riyadh Population

Radiology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2021/6097795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Lingam Amara Swapna ◽

Nada Tarek AlMegbil ◽

Alhanouf Othman Almutlaq ◽

Pradeep Koppolu

Keyword(s):

Demographic Data ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Elongated Styloid Process ◽

Digital Radiographs ◽

Dental Hospital ◽

Orofacial Region ◽

Measuring Tool

Background. Patients with an elongated styloid process might present with dysphagia and pain in the cervicofacial region. These patients could be misdiagnosed as other orofacial pathologies. Aim. The present study attempted to assess the prevalence of the elongated styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs in the Riyadh population. Materials and Methods. The present prospective randomized study was conducted on the panoramic digital radiographs of 300 randomly selected patients visiting a private dental hospital to identify any elongation of the styloid process. Only the radiographs without any magnification errors were considered. The styloid process length was measured using the Sidexis measuring tool and entered in an Excel spreadsheet with other demographic data. A length beyond 30 mm was considered styloid process elongation. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results. The symptoms of styloid process elongation were higher among females (78.6%), and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.182; P = 0.007 ). No statistically significant association was observed between styloid process elongation and symptoms between different age groups. Females exhibited a significant longer mean length of the styloid process than males. The present study exhibited a 27.3% prevalence for the elongation and calcification of the styloid process. Conclusion. Given the significant prevalence of the elongated styloid process in our study, we recommend it to be considered as one of the differential diagnosis for pain or discomfort in the orofacial region.

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Elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and its relation to the Eagle’s Syndrome: case report and biometrical assessment

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i9.8374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e961998374

Author(s):

Jaiurte Gomes Martins da Silva ◽

Glícia Maria de Oliveira ◽

Ewerton Fylipe de Araújo Silva ◽

Adriane Barbosa Fernandes Silva ◽

Edla Vitória Santos Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Styloid Process ◽

Eagle’S Syndrome ◽

Human Skull ◽

Elongated Styloid Process ◽

Female Individual ◽

Total Length ◽

Anatomical Basis ◽

The Right

The purpose of the present study was to report a case of an elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and present its biometrical values. The styloid processes of the skull from an 80-year-old Brazilian female individual were inspected and 10 measures were performed bilaterally. Despite small differences between the right and left styloid processes regarding the antero-posterior and lateral-medial widths on the three thirds measured, one must highlight the considerable differences showed on the total length of the styloid process (left side: 65.94; right side: 28.90) and on the length of the sheath of the styloid process, which was of 30.01mm on the left side and it was not acquired on the right side because of its small dimensions. The paper discusses its findings from an anatomical and clinical perspectives, providing anatomical basis for a better understanding of the Eagle’s syndrome.

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