scholarly journals Ontario Safe Schools Act And Its Effects On Racialized Immigrant Youth: 'School To Prison Pipelone'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiya Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Safe Schools ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
School Suspensions ◽  
Canadian Studies ◽  
Disciplinary Procedures

It is recognized that racialized youth are significantly over-represented in the Canadian Criminal Justice System relative to their population percentages. Research also determined that similar disproportion exists with respect to school discipline. Similar to US research, a number of Canadian studies found that racialized youth are being disproportionately affected by zero-tolerance school disciplinary policies, such as the Ontario Safe Schools Act. Such research also hypothesized about a "school-to-prison pipeline" for minority youth. This MRP explores the link between immigration, policing, and school disciplinary policies in Ontario, Canada. In particular, the MRP investigates the racialization of school disciplinary procedures that largely affect immigrant youth, and the criminalization of certain behaviors that may lead visible minority youth, including immigrant youth, to having disproportionate police contact. The findings suggest that there is a relation between racial disproportion of school suspensions and expulsions and the racial disproportion in the likelihood of youth- police contact.

scholarly journals Ontario Safe Schools Act And Its Effects On Racialized Immigrant Youth: 'School To Prison Pipelone'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiya Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Safe Schools ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
School Suspensions ◽  
Canadian Studies ◽  
Disciplinary Procedures

It is recognized that racialized youth are significantly over-represented in the Canadian Criminal Justice System relative to their population percentages. Research also determined that similar disproportion exists with respect to school discipline. Similar to US research, a number of Canadian studies found that racialized youth are being disproportionately affected by zero-tolerance school disciplinary policies, such as the Ontario Safe Schools Act. Such research also hypothesized about a "school-to-prison pipeline" for minority youth. This MRP explores the link between immigration, policing, and school disciplinary policies in Ontario, Canada. In particular, the MRP investigates the racialization of school disciplinary procedures that largely affect immigrant youth, and the criminalization of certain behaviors that may lead visible minority youth, including immigrant youth, to having disproportionate police contact. The findings suggest that there is a relation between racial disproportion of school suspensions and expulsions and the racial disproportion in the likelihood of youth- police contact.

The Real School Safety Problem

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kupchik
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
School Safety ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Safe Schools ◽  
Original Research ◽  
School Security ◽  
Safety Problem ◽  
The Real ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The U.S

Since the 1990s, K-12 schools across the U.S. have changed in important ways in an effort to maintain safe schools. They have added police officers, surveillance cameras, zero tolerance policies, and other equipment and personnel, while increasingly relying on suspension and other punishments. Unfortunately, we have implemented these practices based on assumptions that they will be effective at maintaining safety and helping youth, not based on evidence. The Real School Safety Problem addresses this problem in two ways. One, it provides a clear discussion of what we know and what we don’t yet know about the school security and punishment practices and their effects on students and schools. Two, it offers original research that extends what we know in important ways, showing how school security and punishment affects students, their families, their schools and their communities years into the future. Schools are indeed in crisis. But the real school safety problem is not that students are either out of control or in danger. Rather, the real school safety problem is that our efforts to maintain school safety have gone too far and in the wrong directions. As a result, we over-police and punish students in a way that hurts students, their families and their communities in broad and long-lasting ways.

Fear of a School-to-Deportation Pipeline: How Teachers, Administrators, and Immigrant Students Respond to the Threat of Standardized Tests and Deportation

2021 ◽  
pp. 004208592110264
Author(s):  
Patricia Maloney ◽  
Duke W. Austin ◽  
SaunJuhi Verma
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Immigrant Students ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
School Authority ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Authority Figures

Existing studies evaluate zero tolerance policies and the school-to-prison pipeline. Additional research identifies the role of criminal justice systems in deporting immigrants. Our work bridges these two literatures by discussing how immigrant students navigate the criminal justice system within schools. Using interviews with immigrant students, teachers, and administrators, we address the question: How is the school-to-deportation pipeline maneuvered by stakeholders? Our study identifies how school authority figures react to and even use the fear of the pipeline to (1) either protect students from becoming criminalized or (2) exclude students from standardized exam participation so as to maintain funding sources.

The Causes and Pervasiveness of DMC: Stakeholder Perceptions of Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherie Dawson-Edwards ◽  
Richard Tewksbury ◽  
Nadia T. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Professional Relationships ◽  
Stakeholder Perceptions ◽  
Disproportionate Minority Contact ◽  
Statewide Assessment

This study explores perceptions and awareness of disproportionate minority contact (DMC) by stakeholders in juvenile justice, youth-serving community organizations, schools, social services, and the faith community. This study is derived from a statewide assessment, which included in-person interviews with individuals that have personal and professional relationships within the juvenile justice system. Findings support the contention that individuals are either unaware of the prevalence of DMC, have already formed prejudices about minority youth within the system, or do not appreciate the degree of importance DMC has on the development of minority youth.

Sea of Good Intentions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Irwin ◽  
Karen Umemoto
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Ethic Of Care ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Policy Environment ◽  
Zero Tolerance Policy ◽  
Caring Adults ◽  
Critical Times

In chapter six we juxtapose the work of compassionate adults against the harsh “zero-tolerance” policy environment and highlight the positive impacts of caring adults on youth at critical times in adolescence. We begin with a brief review of the rise of “zero-tolerance” policies and how they took shape nationally and in Hawai‘i. We hear the stories of June and Auggie, who experienced the punitive sting of the juvenile justice system as teens under this policy environment. We contrast that with examples of school and court professionals who made a marked difference in the lives of youth and explore the meaning and importance of discretionary power using an “ethic of care.”

Virtue Jurisprudence and the Case of Zero-Tolerance Discipline in U.S. Public Education Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G. Sellers ◽  
Bruce A. Arrigo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public School ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Public Education Policy

This article empirically investigates how the humanistic critique at the core of virtue jurisprudence can illuminate the laws of captivity at the level of judicial decision making. One point of reference is the set of cases that makes up the constitutional challenges to and the resolutions of zero-tolerance public school discipline. These court decisions establish the conditions under which this strategy represents a legitimate and protected exercise of U.S. education policy and practice. We begin by explaining what virtue jurisprudence is, and we specify how its Aristotelian-sourced humanism has been the basis of ongoing sociolegal inquiry. We then delineate the coordinates of our methodology. These coordinates consist of two levels of textual data collection, as obtained from a LexisNexis criterion-based sample design. Next, we summarily present the results. These findings reveal both the judicial temperaments and the normative forces that inform and influence the nature of sociolegal decision making on the matter of zero-tolerance public school discipline. We discuss and analyze the results within the critical humanism of virtue jurisprudence. This critique suggests how the courts’ endorsement of zero-tolerance public policy and practice might be reconceived if an ethic of citizenship grounded the courts’ reasoning and decision making.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in the Justice System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 999-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Jonnson ◽  
Brian M. Bird ◽  
Shanna M. Y. Li ◽  
Jodi L. Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Gender Minority ◽  
Sexual And Gender Minority ◽  
And Gender

Theoretical models, such as the minority stress model, suggest that sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth may be overrepresented in the justice system. However, few studies have examined rates of SGM youth in the system, and even fewer have compared them with rates of these youth in the broader community. To obtain a more accurate estimate, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 31,258 youths and compared rates of SGM youth in the justice system with those in the community. Contrary to claims that SGM youth are overrepresented generally, this review suggests that sexual minority girls, specifically, are disproportionally involved in the justice system. Rates of involvement appeared to differ across ethnic subgroups of sexual minority youth, and evidence is inconclusive regarding the prevalence of gender minority youth in the system. Implications of these findings for researchers and justice system professionals are discussed.

scholarly journals Principal discretion and the use of out-of-school suspension in public high schools

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Seth Harrell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
High School Principals ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Student Discipline ◽  
School Suspension ◽  
Study Results ◽  
School Suspensions ◽  
Student Misbehavior ◽  
Principal Decision Making ◽  
Out Of School

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to analyze school principal's perception and use of out-of-school suspension as a consequence to address student misbehavior. This study was conducted on current acting high school principals in the southeast region of a Midwestern state. Participants completed a survey that consisted of items related to principal decision making as well as the use of zero-tolerance policies to determine discipline outcomes. Survey items were designed to determine how out-of-school suspensions are used in relation to the use of principal discretion and zero-tolerance policies. Principals in this study were given the opportunity to participate in follow-up interviews where principals were asked more specific questions about their use of out-ofschool suspension as a form of student discipline. Study results found that principals felt the use of out-of-school suspension were an effective consequence to address student misbehavior. Principals felt they had the autonomy to use their discretion to determine the most appropriate consequence to address student misbehavior in their respective schools. Opinions were mixed on the use of zero-tolerance policies. A majority of surveyed participants felt that zero-tolerance policies were an effective method used to address student misbehavior. However, principals who were interviewed preferred to use their discretion over zero-tolerance policies when determining the most appropriate consequence because principals wanted to be able to consider all of the circumstances of a discipline situation. Principals concluded that out-of-school suspensions are necessary in-order to protect the learning environment for all students; however, there are inconsistencies in the use of such suspensions. These inconsistencies are present through the use of principal discretion and decision making, the use of zero-tolerance policies, the length of the suspension, and the unnecessary use of suspensions for minor discipline infractions.

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