scholarly journals Spatial Mismatch in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area : Examining the Commuting Patterns of Immigrants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Census Metropolitan Area ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Generalized Ordered Logit Model

The spatial mismatch hypothesis argues that the geographic separation between jobs and housing has an adverse effect on the employment outcomes of ethnic minorities. This research paper tests this assumption for immigrant populations in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area through mapping, cross tabulation and a generalized ordered logit model to determine whether immigrants are at a disadvantage in both the labour market and in terms of commuting distance when compared with Canadian born residents. The results of this study suggest that immigrants are more likely to live over 5 kilometres away from work and that they experience more difficulty in negotiating longer commutes due to higher unemployment rates, lower median household incomes and a greater reliance on transit. In contrast, Canadians are more likely to make daily commutes of over 15 kilometres, however, they are often more capable than immigrants of travelling these increased distances.

scholarly journals Spatial Mismatch in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area : Examining the Commuting Patterns of Immigrants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Census Metropolitan Area ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Generalized Ordered Logit Model

The spatial mismatch hypothesis argues that the geographic separation between jobs and housing has an adverse effect on the employment outcomes of ethnic minorities. This research paper tests this assumption for immigrant populations in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area through mapping, cross tabulation and a generalized ordered logit model to determine whether immigrants are at a disadvantage in both the labour market and in terms of commuting distance when compared with Canadian born residents. The results of this study suggest that immigrants are more likely to live over 5 kilometres away from work and that they experience more difficulty in negotiating longer commutes due to higher unemployment rates, lower median household incomes and a greater reliance on transit. In contrast, Canadians are more likely to make daily commutes of over 15 kilometres, however, they are often more capable than immigrants of travelling these increased distances.

scholarly journals Settlement Patterns of Korean Immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (DMA)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Chungshik Kang
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Korean Immigrants ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Ethnic Economy ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Census Metropolitan Area ◽  
High Level ◽  
Transnational Activities

This paper focuses on settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) highlighting their high self-employment rate and active transnational activities. The objectives for the paper are to explore various causes of a high level of self-employment rate among Korean immigrants, and to examine settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto CMA by reviewing their immigration data, employment income and self-employment income data, residential locations, ethnic economy and human capital, and to understand how their active transnational activities combined with the factors listed above affected their settlement and integration experiences in Canada as they are inter-connected with various social and economic fabrics of the Korean community in the Toronto CMA.

scholarly journals Poverty Suburbanization, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Delmelle ◽  
Isabelle Nilsson ◽  
Providence Adu
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Amenities ◽  
Job Opportunity ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Center City ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Low Income Households

The last decade of urbanization throughout many cities have seen a perceptible shift in the demand for centralized urban amenities while poverty has increasingly decentralized. Yet, the opportunity landscape of these shifting geographies of poverty and prosperity are not well understood. In this article, we examine how access to employment for low-income households has been impacted as a result of these changing geographies. Using a case study on the Charlotte metropolitan area we examine whether the suburbanization of poverty and reinvestment in the center city has reshaped the job opportunity landscape for low-wage residents. The objectives of this article are twofold. First, we calculate and map autobased accessibility from all neighborhoods in the Charlotte metropolitan area to job locations, differentiated by wage categories, in 2010 and 2017 to identify potential changes in the mismatch between low-income households and access to employment. We use a point-level employment dataset for these two years and calculate accessibility originating from census block groups. Second, we estimate the extent to which access to employment has affected employment rates and household incomes at the neighborhood level using a first-difference, spatial two-stage least squares model with instrumental variables. Our findings suggest that changes in accessibility had no significant effect on changes in neighborhood employment rates. However, we find evidence that increasing accessibility for lower-income households could have a positive effect on neighborhood median household incomes. Overall, the polycentric nature of Charlotte appears to have reduced the spatial mismatch between low-income workers and low-wage jobs.

scholarly journals EXAMINING URBAN EXPANSION USING MULTI-TEMPORAL LANDSAT IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MONTREAL CENSUS METROPOLITAN AREA FROM 1975 TO 2015, CANADA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 965-972
Author(s):  
Lingfei Ma ◽  
He Zhao ◽  
Jonathan Li
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Census Metropolitan Area

Urban expansion, particularly the movement of residential and commercial land use to sub-urban areas in metropolitan areas, has been considered as a significant signal of regional economic development. In 1970s, the economic centre of Canada moved from Montreal to Toronto. Since some previous research have been focused on the urbanization process in Greater Toronto Area (GTA), it is significant to conduct research in its counterpart. This study evaluates urban expansion process in Montréal census metropolitan area (CMA), Canada, between 1975 and 2015 using satellite images and socio-economic data. Spatial and temporal dynamic information of urbanization process was quantified using Landsat imagery, supervised classification algorithms and the post-classification change detection technique. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived land use classification map ranged from 80% to 97%. The results indicated that continuous growth of built-up areas in the CMA over the study period resulted in a decrease in the area of cultivated land and vegetation. The results showed that urban areas expanded 442 km<sup>2</sup> both along major river systems and lakeshores, as well as expanded from urban centres to surrounded areas. The analysis revealed that urban expansion has been largely driven by population growth and economic development. Consequently, the urban expansion maps produced in this research can assist decision-makers to promote sustainable urban development, and forecast potential changes in urbanization growth patterns.

Housing Market Access in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area: Between the Financial and the Pandemic Crises

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Antunes ◽  
João Seixas
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
Synthetic Indicators ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
External Variables ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Household Incomes

The Portuguese housing market underwent major transformations between 2010 and 2020. Until then, a delicate but resentful stability had long existed, with distorted rent schemes and low annual price increases proportional to the national economy and the income of the Portuguese population. After the financial crisis, several internal and external variables converged to dramatically change this scenario. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have centred their attention on the difficulties that the Portuguese urban middle-class populations are facing in trying to find homes. This paper analyses these challenges and their impact quantitatively, focusing on the affordability of housing for purchase or rent and considering synthetic indicators for average household incomes in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area between the beginning of 2016 and the end of 2019. The results show that the cost of buying or renting a house in the main Portuguese urban system has become much more detached from local incomes. The article concludes with reflections on the structural reasons for the enduring inequalities in the housing markets and the difficulties recognising territorial cohesion and spatial justice as important elements shaping urban and housing policies in Portugal.

Switzerland as a Single Metropolitan Area? A Study of its Commuting Network

Urban Studies ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
pp. 2785-2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Dessemontet ◽  
Vincent Kaufmann ◽  
Christophe Jemelin
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
The Way

Out of the many ingredients that together build urban areas, three deserve particular consideration as their relationship is evolving: the functional centrality, the morphology of built-up areas and the way of life. Those three characteristics do not necessarily match along territorial lines anymore. To overcome this limitation, this article suggests approaching urbanity in terms of cohesion. To illustrate this approach under a specific analytical point of view, the paper describes a cohesion index based on the commuter relationships between the Swiss communes from 1970 to 2000. For 2000, further distinction is made between car-based and public transport-based commuting patterns, which allowed discrimination between two scales of cohesiveness between the Swiss agglomerations.

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