The fear factor : effects of implicit and explicit processing on the emotional enhancement of memory

Recognition Memory Test ◽

Unique Pattern ◽

Amygdala Activation ◽

Fearful Faces ◽

Indirect Encoding ◽

Explicit Processing ◽

This thesis examines whether implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions affects the emotional enhancement of memory (EEM). On the basis that explicit processing is associated with relative reductions in amygdala activation and arousal, I predicted that fearful faces, in particular, would lead to a robust EEM effect following encoding with implicit, but not explicit processing. Participants were shown a series of facial expressions (happy, fearful, angry, and neutral) in an "indirect" and a "direct" task designed to elicit implicit and explicit processing, respectively. Later they underwent a recognition memory test using the Remember-Know paradigm. Fearful faces exhibited a unique pattern whereby indirect encoding led to an enhanced subjective sense of recollection, whereas direct encoding prevented an increase in recollection that was observed for all other emotions. These findings may reflect interactions among amygdalar/arousal thresholds and levels of processing (LOP) effects on recognition memory.

Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson’s disease

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 303 ◽

pp. 182-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Caroline Wagenbreth ◽

Lena Wattenberg ◽

Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽

Tino Zaehle

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Explicit Processing ◽

Gender differences in implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions as revealed by event-related theta synchronization.

Emotion ◽

10.1037/a0019175 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 678-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Gennady G. Knyazev ◽

Jaroslav Y. Slobodskoj-Plusnin ◽

Andrey V. Bocharov

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Explicit Processing ◽

Effects of early institutionalization on emotion processing in 12-year-old youth

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579417001377 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 1749-1761 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Johanna Bick ◽

Rhiannon Luyster ◽

Nathan A. Fox ◽

Charles H. Zeanah ◽

Charles A. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Emotion Recognition ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Emotion Processing ◽

Institutional Care ◽

Facial Emotion Recognition ◽

Facial Emotion ◽

Fearful Faces

AbstractWe examined facial emotion recognition in 12-year-olds in a longitudinally followed sample of children with and without exposure to early life psychosocial deprivation (institutional care). Half of the institutionally reared children were randomized into foster care homes during the first years of life. Facial emotion recognition was examined in a behavioral task using morphed images. This same task had been administered when children were 8 years old. Neutral facial expressions were morphed with happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional facial expressions, and children were asked to identify the emotion of each face, which varied in intensity. Consistent with our previous report, we show that some areas of emotion processing, involving the recognition of happy and fearful faces, are affected by early deprivation, whereas other areas, involving the recognition of sad and angry faces, appear to be unaffected. We also show that early intervention can have a lasting positive impact, normalizing developmental trajectories of processing negative emotions (fear) into the late childhood/preadolescent period.

Face-Processing Impairments and the Capgras Delusion

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.162.5.695 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 162 (5) ◽

pp. 695-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Andrew W. Young ◽

Ian Reid ◽

Simon Wright ◽

Deborah J. Hellawell

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Face Processing ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Capgras Delusion ◽

Unfamiliar Faces

Investigations of two cases of the Capgras delusion found that both patients showed face-processing impairments encompassing identification of familiar faces, recognition of emotional facial expressions, and matching of unfamiliar faces. In neither case was there any impairment of recognition memory for words. These findings are consistent with the idea that the basis of the Capgras delusion lies in damage to neuro-anatomical pathways responsible for appropriate emotional reactions to familiar visual stimuli. The delusion would then represent the patient's attempt to make sense of the fact that these visual stimuli no longer have appropriate affective significance.

Dissociation of implicit and explicit neural mechanisms for processing of emotional facial expressions: A model for investigating developmental disorders of social behavior

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31738-5 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. S905

Author(s):

H.D. Critchley ◽

E.M. Daly ◽

M. Phillips ◽

M. Brammer ◽

S. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Neural Mechanisms ◽

Not All Emotions Are Equal: Fear Chemosignals Lower Awareness Thresholds Only for Fearful Faces

Chemical Senses ◽

10.1093/chemse/bjaa047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 601-608

Author(s):

Fábio Silva ◽

Nuno Gomes ◽

Sebastian Korb ◽

Gün R Semin

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Visual Awareness ◽

Emotional States ◽

Body Odor ◽

Continuous Flash Suppression ◽

Fearful Faces ◽

Processing Stream ◽

Body Odors

Abstract Exposure to body odors (chemosignals) collected under different emotional states (i.e., emotional chemosignals) can modulate our visual system, biasing visual perception. Recent research has suggested that exposure to fear body odors, results in a generalized faster access to visual awareness of different emotional facial expressions (i.e., fear, happy, and neutral). In the present study, we aimed at replicating and extending these findings by exploring if these effects are limited to fear odor, by introducing a second negative body odor—that is, disgust. We compared the time that 3 different emotional facial expressions (i.e., fear, disgust, and neutral) took to reach visual awareness, during a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm, across 3 body odor conditions (i.e., fear, disgust, and neutral). We found that fear body odors do not trigger an overall faster access to visual awareness, but instead sped-up access to awareness specifically for facial expressions of fear. Disgust odor, on the other hand, had no effects on awareness thresholds of facial expressions. These findings contrast with prior results, suggesting that the potential of fear body odors to induce visual processing adjustments is specific to fear cues. Furthermore, our results support a unique ability of fear body odors in inducing such visual processing changes, compared with other negative emotional chemosignals (i.e., disgust). These conclusions raise interesting questions as to how fear odor might interact with the visual processing stream, whilst simultaneously giving rise to future avenues of research.

Amygdala activation by emotional facial expressions is related to gaze orienting behavior

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71994-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. S181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Gamer ◽

C. Büchel

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Amygdala Activation ◽

Orienting Behavior

Reduplication of Visual Stimuli

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/1994/249590 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

pp. 135-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. W. Young ◽

D. J. Hellawell ◽

S. Wright ◽

H. D. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Visual System ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Auditory Stimuli ◽

Visual Problem

Investigation of P.T., a man who experienced reduplicative delusions, revealed significant impairments on tests of recognition memory for faces and understanding of emotional facial expressions. On formal tests of his recognition abilities, P.T. showed reduplication to familiar faces, buildings, and written names, but not to familiar voices. Reduplication may therefore have been a genuinely visual problem in P.T.'s case, since it was not found to auditory stimuli. This is consistent with hypotheses which propose that the basis of reduplication can lie in part in malfunction of the visual system.