TBE in South Korea

Although no human case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been documented in South Korea to date,5 surveillance studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in wild ticks.1-5 Four studies collected ticks by dragging or flagging in grassland and forest, while 1 study tested wild mammals (boars and rodents) by removing ticks from them. In the wild of South Korea, Haemaphysalis spp. were the predominant species found by tick dragging, while Ixodes nipponensis became predominant when harvested from small mammals.6

TBE in South Korea

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_12b-31 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joon Young Song

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Human Case ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Surveillance Studies ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Although no human case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been documented in South Korea to date, surveillance studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in wild ticks.

Serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in South Korea, 2015–2018

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 101408

Author(s):

Jeong Rae Yoo ◽

Jung Hwan Oh ◽

Keun Hwa Lee ◽

Sung Wook Song

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

South Korea ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Serological Evidence ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: Seasonal and Annual Variation of Epidemiological Parameters Related to Nymph-to-Larva Transmission and Exposure of Small Mammals

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9070518 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 518

Author(s):

Laure Bournez ◽

Gerald Umhang ◽

Marie Moinet ◽

Céline Richomme ◽

Jean-Michel Demerson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Mammals ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Myodes Glareolus ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Annual Variations ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Over Time ◽

Epidemiological Parameters

A greater knowledge of the ecology of the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is essential to better assess the temporal variations of the risk of tick-borne encephalitis for humans. To describe the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the TBEV-cycle and the epidemiological parameters related to TBEV nymph-to-larva transmission, exposure of small mammals to TBEV, and tick aggregation on small mammals, a longitudinal survey in ticks and small mammals was conducted over a 3-year period in a mountain forest in Alsace, eastern France. TBEV prevalence in questing nymphs was lower in 2013 than in 2012 and 2014, probably because small mammals (Myodes glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) were more abundant in 2012, which reduced tick aggregation and co-feeding transmission between ticks. The prevalence of TBEV in questing nymphs was higher in autumn than spring. Despite these variations in prevalence, the density of infected questing nymphs was constant over time, leading to a constant risk for humans. The seroprevalence of small mammals was also constant over time, although the proportion of rodents infested with ticks varied between years and seasons. Our results draw attention to the importance of considering the complex relationship between small mammal densities, tick aggregation on small mammals, density of infected questing nymphs, and prevalence of infected nymphs in order to forecast the risk of TBEV for humans.

Tick-borne encephalitides

10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0044 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia A. Nuttall

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Tick Species ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Virus Family ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Powassan Virus ◽

Louping Ill ◽

Far Eastern

Tick-borne encephalitides are caused by three different viruses transmitted by ticks and belonging to the Flaviviridae virus family: tick-borne encephalitis virus (Far Eastern, Siberian, and European subtypes), louping ill virus, and Powassan virus (including deer tick virus). These viruses cause encephalitis affecting humans in Eurasia and North America. In nature, they are maintained in transmission cycles involving Ixodes tick species and small or medium-sized wild mammals. The tick-borne flavivirus group is one of the most intensely studied groups of tick-borne pathogens.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Diversity in Ixodid Ticks and Small Mammals in South-Western Siberia, Russia

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases ◽

10.1089/vbz.2015.1834 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 541-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Valentina N. Bakhvalova ◽

Galina S. Chicherina ◽

Olga F. Potapova ◽

Victor V. Panov ◽

Victor V. Glupov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Mammals ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Ixodid Ticks ◽

Virus Diversity ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

TBE in France

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_12b-12 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yves Hansmann ◽

Aurélie Velay

Keyword(s):

Human Case ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Tbev Infection

The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Habitats in North East Germany: Reemergence of TBEV in Ticks after 15 Years of Inactivity

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/308371 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Silvius Frimmel ◽

Anja Krienke ◽

Diana Riebold ◽

Micha Loebermann ◽

Martina Littmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Case ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Federal State ◽

Natural Focus ◽

North East ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Natural Foci ◽

Migrating Birds

The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis has risen in Europe since 1990 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) has been documented to be spreading into regions where it was not previously endemic. In Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, a federal state in Northern Germany, TBEV was not detectable in over 16,000 collected ticks between 1992 and 2004. Until 2004, the last human case of TBE in the region was reported in 1985. Following the occurrence of three autochthonous human cases of TBE after 2004, however, we collected ticks from the areas in which the infections were contracted. To increase the chance of detecting TBEV-RNA, some of the ticks were fed on mice. Using nested RT-PCR, we were able to confirm the presence of TBEV in ticks for the first time after 15 years. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the sequences we obtained and a TBEV sequence from Mecklenburg-East Pomerania published in 1992 and pointed to the reemergence of a natural focus of TBEV after years of low activity. Our results imply that natural foci of TBEV may either persist at low levels of activity for years or reemerge through the agency of migrating birds.