Growth and grazing response of a ciliate feeding on the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum in monoculture and in mixture with a non-toxic alga

Red tides of the naked dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt occurred in sealochs in the north of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, during late September 1980. Greatestconcentrations of the organism were found in the top 1 m layer of the water column, which was stabilized, and probably also enriched with nutrients, by freshwater input fromland drainage. In addition vertical and horizontal concentration must be postulated toexplain Gyrodinium cell densities of 2 x to7 cells I"1 and chlorophyll concentrations of 2228 mg m“”3 near the shore at Otter Ferry, Loch Fyne.On 28 September 1980, water containing the red tide at Otter Ferry was unintentionally pumped into fish ponds at a shore-based salmon farm and resulted in the death, in one pond, of 3000 salmon each weighing about 1 kg and of 200–300 smolts in another when water was transferred to it from the affected pond. Pathological investigation of affected salmon showed that death was likely to have resulted from asphyxiation and osmotic shock as a result of extensive cellular damage to gills and guts. Results of mouse bioassays, using acidic and ether extracts of flesh and guts from affected salmon, suggest that necrotizing toxin(s) was associated with the cells of Gyrodinium aureolum during the bloom. The clinical signs exhibited by mice injected with toxin extracts were, however, unlike those caused by paralytic shellfish poison or toxins of the Gymnodinium breve type.

Download Full-text

Genetic Study of the Class Dinophyceae Including Red Tide Microalgae Based on a Partial Sequence of SSU Region : Molecular Position of Korean Isolates of Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef and Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt

Journal of Life Science ◽

10.5352/jls.2004.14.4.593 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 593-607

Keyword(s):

Genetic Study ◽

Red Tide ◽

Partial Sequence ◽

Cochlodinium Polykrikoides ◽

Red Tide Microalgae ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum

Download Full-text

The phytoplankton ecology of the Firth of Clyde sea-lochs Striven and Fyne

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000005005 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

pp. 223-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. Tett ◽

R. Gowen ◽

B. Grantham ◽

K. Jones ◽

B. S. Miller

Keyword(s):

Red Tide ◽

Fish Farms ◽

Surface Salinity ◽

Regular Feature ◽

Near Surface ◽

Phytoplankton Ecology ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum ◽

Clyde Sea ◽

Thermohaline Stratification

SynopsisLochs Fyne and Striven are deep-silled fjords opening into the northern Firth of Clyde. They receive relatively little freshwater from local runoff, have a relatively low rate of tidal exchange, and undergo periods of deep water stagnation. Both contain fish farms which have lost stock because of phytoplankton blooms. Loch Striven was investigated in detail in 1980. Observations are also reported for 1979 and 1981, and for Loch Fyne from 1980–1982. Most stratification in Striven is due to salinity layering, but most of the freshwater in the loch probably originates in the Clyde Estuary and is associated with high concentrations of nitrate. Typical phytoplankton biomasses in Striven are the same as those in the western seaboard Loch Creran, but maxima exceed those in Creran. In addition to a red tide of Gyrodinium aureolum in September, 1980, three periods of high biomass seem to be a regular feature of the phytoplankton calendar in Striven. The spring increase takes place in March or early April, is dominated by the diatom Skeletonema costalum, and probably depends on the stabilizing effects of reduced near-surface salinities. A summer flourishing of Leptocylindrus danicus and dinoflagellates is also associated with near-surface salinity layering. A late spring bloom of diatoms, dinoflagellates and small flagellates, some ichthyotoxic, appears to be related to the occurrence of thermohaline stratification and near-surface nutrient depletion; on some occasions lochhead upwelling may also have been involved. Insofar as data are available, the ecology of phytoplankton in Loch Fyne appears similar to that in Loch Striven.

Download Full-text

A Red Tide of Gyrod Inium Aurelum in Sea Lochs of the Firth of Clyde and Associated Mortality of Pond-Reared Salmon

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400070326 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 771-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

K. J. Jones ◽

P. Ayres ◽

A. M. Bullock ◽

R. J. Roberts ◽

P. Tett

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Shock ◽

Red Tide ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Fish Ponds ◽

Red Tides ◽

Gymnodinium Breve ◽

The North ◽

Cell Densities ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum

Red tides of the naked dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt occurred in sealochs in the north of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, during late September 1980. Greatestconcentrations of the organism were found in the top 1 m layer of the water column, which was stabilized, and probably also enriched with nutrients, by freshwater input fromland drainage. In addition vertical and horizontal concentration must be postulated toexplain Gyrodinium cell densities of 2 x to7 cells I"1 and chlorophyll concentrations of 2228 mg m“”3 near the shore at Otter Ferry, Loch Fyne.On 28 September 1980, water containing the red tide at Otter Ferry was unintentionally pumped into fish ponds at a shore-based salmon farm and resulted in the death, in one pond, of 3000 salmon each weighing about 1 kg and of 200–300 smolts in another when water was transferred to it from the affected pond. Pathological investigation of affected salmon showed that death was likely to have resulted from asphyxiation and osmotic shock as a result of extensive cellular damage to gills and guts. Results of mouse bioassays, using acidic and ether extracts of flesh and guts from affected salmon, suggest that necrotizing toxin(s) was associated with the cells of Gyrodinium aureolum during the bloom. The clinical signs exhibited by mice injected with toxin extracts were, however, unlike those caused by paralytic shellfish poison or toxins of the Gymnodinium breve type.

Download Full-text

A red tide of Gyrodinium aureolum in sea lochs of the Firth of Clyde and associated mortality of pond-reared salmon

Deep Sea Research Part B Oceanographic Literature Review ◽

10.1016/0198-0254(83)90210-8 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 463

Keyword(s):

Red Tide ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum

Download Full-text

Recolonization of a rocky shore in S.W. Ireland following a toxic bloom of the dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400030149 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 485-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

T. Southgate ◽

K. Wilson ◽

T. F. Cross ◽

A. A. Myers

Keyword(s):

Rocky Shore ◽

Animal Species ◽

Red Tide ◽

Demersal Fish ◽

Red Tides ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fucoid Algae ◽

Littoral Fauna ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum ◽

Toxic Bloom

The mortalities and subsequent recolonization of a rocky shore in S.W. Ireland following a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum in 1979 are described. Selective mortalities of key animal species notably grazing gastropods were followed by a marked increase in fucoid algae. Enteromorpha spp. blooms were a feature of vertical surfaces only. In general planktonic recruiting gastropods exhibited the most rapid recovery. Forty-two months after the red tide, fucoid algae still dominate both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the study area.IntroductionDinoflagellate blooms ('red-tides'), chiefly of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt have been recorded several times in Southern Ireland since 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979; Cross & Southgate, 1980; Jenkinson & Connors, 1980; Leahy, 1980; Roden, Ryan & Lennon, 1980; Wilson, 1982) and have resulted in mortalities of farmed rainbow trout in sea-cages in Dunmanus Bay (Parker, 1981). Other species of pelagic and demersal fish on the south coast were also affected by a toxic red-tide in 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979). Owing to the unpredictability of occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms, few studies on the effects of red tides on littoral fauna, and on the subsequent recolonization following the events have been carried out. Previous studies in Dunmanus Bay, Ireland (Leahy, 1980) suffered from a lack of the shores prior to the of information about the structure and dynamics occurrence of a red-tide.Regular monitoring of the rocky shore biota at Dunmanus Bay (Myers, Southgate & Wilson, 1980) has been carried out since May 1978 and is continuing. The red tide of August 1979 caused dramatic mortalities of a wide range of taxa at Pointabulloge in Dunmanus Bay (Cross & Southgate, 1980).

Download Full-text

Some effects of a dinoflagellate bloom (Gyrodinium aureolum) on the mussel, Mytilus edulis

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400042843 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 522-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

J. Widdows ◽

M. N. Moore ◽

D. M. Lowe ◽

P. N. Salkeld

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Mytilus Edulis ◽

Red Tide ◽

Oxygen Depletion ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Invertebrate Species ◽

Northern European ◽

Mass Occurrence ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum ◽

Dinoflagellate Bloom

There have been several reports in recent years of the mass occurrence or blooms of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt in northern European Waters (Ballantine & Smith, 1973; Helm et al. 1974; Pingree et al. 1975; Pingree, Holligan & Head, 1977; Tangen, 1977). Gyrodinium aureolum is probably one of the most common ‘red-tide’ dinoflagellate species in these waters and some of the blooms of G. aureolum (ranging from 100 to 20000 cells ml-1) have been followed by the mass mortality of various fish and invertebrate species (Tangen, 1977). It has been suggested that the adverse effects of G. aureolum on marine organisms are caused by (a) the production of toxins and/or (b) the oxygen depletion during darkness due to dinoflagellate respiration and decomposition of cells.

Download Full-text

Observations on a Gyrodinium aureolum (Dinophyta) bloom off the south coast of ireland

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400040352 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 661-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. Pybus

Keyword(s):

Water Chemistry ◽

Red Tide ◽

South Coast ◽

Red Tides ◽

The South ◽

South West ◽

Gyrodinium Aureolum

Gyrodinium aureclum formed an extensive red tide off the south and south-west coasts of Ireland in 1978. Here are presented observations, made off Kinsale, about the biology of the bloom and the nutrient water chemistry associated with the bloom. Comparisons are made with other Gyrodinium red tides which have been recorded in the literature.

Download Full-text