scholarly journals Commercial-Scale Visible-light Trifluoromethylation of 2-Chlorothiophenol using CF3I gas.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaid Harper ◽  
Timothy Grieme ◽  
Timothy Towne ◽  
Daniel Mack ◽  
Moiz Diwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Literature Report ◽  
Fine Chemical ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank

Despite the growth of photoredox methods in academia, application of photoredox at scale in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries has been slow. In this report, a photoredox trifluoromethylation of a thiophenol was modified from the original literature report and the mechanism was investigated to define key scale-up parameters. The mechanistic insight was leveraged in the design and execution of two different reactor designs: an LED-based plug flow photoreactor as well as a laser-based continuous stirred tank photoreactor. In one of the first examples of commercial scale photoredox chemistry, the process was scaled to provide over 500 kilograms of the desired intermediate and amended to fully continuous manufacturing.

Time-Lag Models for Continuous Stirred Tank and Plug Flow Digesters for Biogas Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 10404-10416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritra Das ◽  
Chanchal Mondal ◽  
Siddharth G. Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank

scholarly journals Reactor Selection for Effective Continuous Biocatalytic Production of Pharmaceuticals

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Lindeque ◽  
John Woodley
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Seamless Integration ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Reactor Types ◽  
Biocatalytic Production

Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE FLUDODIMÂMICA DE UMA COLUNA DE FLOTAÇÃO POR MEIO DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE TEMPOS DE RESIDÊNCIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Hudson Jean Bianquini Couto ◽  
Raphael Andrade Eloy Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Fernando Almeida Braga
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Plug Flow Reactor ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Tank Reactor ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank

Foi realizado um trabalho para avaliação da fluidodinâmica de uma coluna piloto de flotação, por meio da aplicação da técnica de distribuição de tempos de residência - DTR, em função das variáveis mais importantes do processo de flotação como velocidade superficial de alimentação, ar e água de lavagem, e da concentração de espumante. Foi ainda realizado um estudo comparativo entre as diferentes metodologias utilizadas para determinação dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos de DTR, como ajuste dos modelos CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor) em série e PFR (Plug-Flow Reactor) de dispersão axial, aos dados experimentais.

Removal of lead by sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactors

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-561
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Thị Yên ◽  
Kiều Thị Quỳnh Hoa
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Terminal Electron Acceptor ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactors ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfide Production ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Lead contaminated wastewater negatively impacts to living organisms as well as humans. In recent years, a highly promising biological process using the anaerobic production of sulfide ions by sulfate-reducing bacteria has presented itself as an alternative option for the removal of lead. This process is based on microbial utilization of electron donors, such as organic compounds (carbon sources), and sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor for sulfide production. The biogenic hydrogen sulfide reacts with dissolved heavy metals to form insoluble metal sulfide precipitates Removal of lead by an enriched consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria (DM10) was evaluated sulfate reduction, sulfide production and lead precipitation. Four parallel anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR, V = 2L) (referred as R1 - R4) were fed with synthetic wastewater containing Pb2+ in the concentrations of 0, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1 of lead and operated with a hydraulic retention time of 5 days for 40 days. The loading rates of each metal in R1- R4 were 0, 20, 30 and 40 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The results showed that there was no inhibition of SRB growth and that lead removal efficiencies of 99-100% for Pb2+ were achieved in R2 (100 mg L-1) and R3 (150 mg L-1) throughout the experiment. For the highest lead concentration of  200 mg L-1, a decrease in efficiency of removal (from 100 to 96%) was observed at the end of the experiment. The obtained result of this study might help for a better control operation and performance improvements of reactors.

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