scholarly journals Opening up Military Innovation: Causal Effects of ‘Bottom-Up’ Reforms to U.S. Defense Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Howell ◽  
Jason Rathje ◽  
John Van Reenen ◽  
Jun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effects ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Defense Research ◽  
Opening Up

scholarly journals Opening up Military Innovation: Causal Effects of ‘Bottom-Up’ Reforms to U.S. Defense Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina T Howell ◽  
Jason Rathje ◽  
John Van Reenen ◽  
Jun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effects ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Defense Research ◽  
Opening Up

scholarly journals Opening Up Military Innovation: Causal Effects of 'Bottom-Up' Reforms to U.S. Defense Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina T Howell ◽  
Jason Rathje ◽  
John Michael Van Reenen ◽  
Jun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effects ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Defense Research ◽  
Opening Up

scholarly journals Opening Up Military Innovation: Causal Effects of ‘Bottom-Up’ Reforms to U.S. Defense Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina T. Howell ◽  
Jason Rathje ◽  
John Michael Van Reenen ◽  
Jun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effects ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Defense Research ◽  
Opening Up

Engineering the Battlefield

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Ford
Keyword(s):  
British Army ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
User Experiences ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Way

This chapter is concerned with exploring the way that engineers sought to reframe and make sense of user experiences of battle. The chapter shows how Britain’s engineers tried to introduce an innovative design of assault rifle into the British Army. The arguments they developed in turn had a range of impacts on American engineers who were themselves going through a series of discussions on how to update rifle technology. In terms of military innovation, this represented neither top-down nor bottom-up innovation. Instead, we might describe the efforts of these engineers as middle-out innovation.

Regulating Public Fundraising in China: The Charity Law and Its Predecessor

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Weijun Lai ◽  
Huafang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
State Control ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Fundraising Regulation

Abstract The promulgation of Chinese Charity Law in March 2016 was expected to break the long-term monopoly of governmental charities in public fundraising in China. However, governments’ regulating practices on fundraising seem to be still quite ambivalent during the post-legislation era, indicating endogenous contradictions of the Charity Law. In order to explore the legislative logic of Chinese Charity Law on public fundraising regulation, this paper, employing an analytical framework of state-society relations, historically examines all relevant laws and policies of China that deal with the fundraising regulation issue since the reform and opening-up. It is revealed that a “control thinking” of the Chinese state towards civic fundraising has been dominating the field all the way, and that the recent loosening of state control was compelled by bottom-up social dynamics. The paper argues that, under the constant influence of state control thinking, the institutional adjustments of Chinese Charity Law on opening spaces for civic fundraising tend to be quite passive and endogenously contradictory, leading to both validity and limitations of the law in practice.

Seeking to uncover biology's chemical roots

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Pross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Biological World ◽  
Inanimate Matter ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Opening Up

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.

Aggregating Welfare Indicators into an Operational Welfare Assessment System: A Bottom-up Approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Rousing ◽  
Marianne Bonde ◽  
Jan Tind Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Assessment System ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
System A

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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