A quantitative catalogue of the regular members of the parasitoid and inquiline communities inhabiting cynipid galls of the tribes Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini in the western Palaearctic is presented. Quantitative and national data are included. There follows a checklist of the parasitoid (almost entirely Chalcidoidea) and inquiline species, with their cynipid hosts. The communities in galls of the three tribes are compared with those associated with Cynipini. Inquiline Cynipidae are well represented in Diplolepidini and Cynipini gall communities, but absent from galls of the other two tribes, although an inquiline eulophid (Dichatomus) develops in galls of Pediaspidini. The great majority of the parasitoids encountered belong to six families of Chalcidoidea that are all represented in Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Cynipini communities, except Ormyridae which have not been found in Pediaspidini galls. Representation of the chalcidoid families varies in the parasitoid faunas of different cynipid tribes, with species of Eurytomidae most abundant in Aylacini galls, Torymidae in Diplolepidini galls, Eupelmidae in Pediaspidini galls and Eulophidae in Cynipini galls. Pteromalidae are evenly represented in galls of all tribes. With the exception of Eupelmidae, which are mostly very polyphagous, few parasitoid species are regularly associated with more than a single tribe of Cynipidae. However, examples of parasitoid species attacking gall wasps in the ‘wrong’ tribes are not rare. While species diversities of the parasitoid communities of Cynipini are high, those of Aylacini are relatively low. The varied nature of galls of Cynipini, all on Quercus, creates a multiplicity of niches for the parasitoids, and these are mostly polyphagous attacking hosts in a range of galls. In contrast, galls of Aylacini present much less structural diversity, but they occur on several genera and families of host plant, and their parasitoids are, in general, less polyphagous and restricted to hosts on a more or less taxonomically limited host plant range.
Genome Size Reversely Correlates With Host Plant Range in Helicoverpa Species
