scholarly journals Distributed Cognition and the Experience of Presence in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Chiappe ◽  
John Vervaeke
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Mars Exploration Rover ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Sensorimotor Coupling ◽  
Shared Agency ◽  
Scientific Team

Although research on presence in virtual environments has increased in the last few decades due to the rise of immersive technologies, it has not examined how it is achieved in distributed cognitive systems. To this end, we examine the sense of presence on the Martian landscape experienced by scientific team members in the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission (2004–2018). How this was achieved is not obvious because the sensorimotor coupling that typically underlies presence in mundane situations was absent. Nonetheless, we argue that the Three-Level model can provide a framework for exploring how presence was achieved. This account distinguishes between proto-presence, core-presence, and extended-presence, each level dependent on being able to respond effectively to affordances at a particular level of abstraction, operating at different timescales. We maintain that scientists' sense of presence on Mars involved core-presence and extended-presence rather than proto-presence. Extended-presence involved successfully establishing distal intentions (D-intentions) during strategic planning, i.e., long term conceptual goals. Core-presence involved successfully enacting proximal intentions (P-intentions) during tactical planning by carrying out specific actions on a particular target, abstracting away from sensorimotor details. This was made possible by team members “becoming the rover,” which enhanced their ability to identify relevant affordances revealed through images. We argue, however, that because Mars exploration is a collective activity involving shared agency by a distributed cognitive system, the experience of presence was a collective presence of the team through the rover.

The Experience of Presence in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-409
Author(s):  
Dan Chiappe ◽  
John Vervaeke
Keyword(s):  
Martian Surface ◽  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Mars Exploration Rover ◽  
Sociotechnical System ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Sensorimotor Coupling ◽  
Shared Agency

Abstract Scientists working in the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission (2004–2018) reported having a sense of presence on Mars. How is this possible, given that many of the factors underlying presence in mundane situations were absent? We use Riva and Waterworth's (2014) Three-Level model to elucidate how presence was achieved. It distinguishes among proto-presence, core-presence, and extended-presence. We argue that scientists did not experience proto-presence because it requires a tight sensorimotor coupling not available due to the way the rovers were controlled and due to the lengthy delays in getting feedback. Instead, the design of the sociotechnical system made core-presence and extended-presence possible. Extended-presence involved successfully establishing long-term conceptual goals during strategic planning meetings. Core-presence involved enacting short-term tactical goals by carrying out specific actions on particular targets, abstracting away from sensorimotor details. The shift of perspective to the Martian surface was facilitated by team members “becoming the rover,” which allowed them to identify relevant affordances evident in images. We argue, however, that because Mars exploration is a collective activity involving shared agency by a distributed cognitive system, the experience of core- and extended-presence was a collective sense of presence through the rovers.

scholarly journals Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars

2006 ◽  
Vol 111 (E12) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Golombek ◽  
J. A. Grant ◽  
L. S. Crumpler ◽  
R. Greeley ◽  
R. E. Arvidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Mars Exploration Rover ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Landing Sites

NOACHIAN-AGED PRE-IMPACT LITHOLOGY EXPOSED IN ENDEAVOUR CRATER RIM: MARS EXPLORATION ROVER OPPORTUNITY OBSERVATIONS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Mittlefehldt ◽  
◽  
Larry S. Crumpler ◽  
John A. Grant ◽  
Raymond E. Arvidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Mars Exploration Rover

scholarly journals Responding to unforeseen disasters in a large health system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J Hannan ◽  
Margaret K Lundholm ◽  
Dennis Brierton ◽  
Noelle R M Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Health System ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Team Members

Abstract Purpose To describe how health systems may respond to sudden changes in operations by leveraging existing resources and to share one organization’s experience responding to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Summary In a health system based in Illinois and Wisconsin, pharmacy services are provided by a single, integrated department responsible for all aspects of pharmaceutical care within the organization. Hospital, retail, ambulatory care, and population health services are all managed under one leadership team. All pertinent ancillary services are also managed within the department, including informatics, supply chain, and drug policy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the pharmacy services leadership has successfully managed volume and capacity challenges by redirecting resources to where they are needed. A disaster response framework based on Federal Emergency Management Agency guidance was put in place, and change management principles were used to rapidly operationalize change. Components of the nimble response have included quickly increasing capacity, thoughtful and timely communication to all team members, strategic decision making with available data, creating an agile pool of labor, and maintaining an efficient system supply chain. Well-being and resilience are emphasized alongside reflection on lessons learned. Some changes made in the urgent response to the pandemic are being considered for long-term implementation. Conclusion Organizations have the potential to respond to almost any situation if they are integrated and teams work together to build flexibility. The keys to success are thoughtful maximization of existing resources and strong communication.

“Then They Trust You …”

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Love ◽  
Felipe Tendick-Matesanz ◽  
Jane Thomason ◽  
Davine Carter ◽  
Myra Glassman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Physical Independence ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Communications Skills ◽  
Home Care Workers

The home care workforce, already at 2.7 million caregivers, will become the nation’s fastest growing occupation by 2024 as the senior boom generation accelerates the demand for in home services to meet its long-term care needs. The physically challenging work of assisting clients with intimate, essential acts of daily living places home care workers (HCWs) at risk for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs); yet, HCWs typically receive little formal job training and may lack appropriate assistive devices. In this qualitative pilot study, HCW focus groups described workplace MSD risk factors and identified problem-solving strategies to improve ergonomic conditions. The results revealed that HCWs rely on their behavioral insights, self-styled communications skills and caring demeanor to navigate MSD risks to themselves and increase clients’ physical independence of movement. We suggest changes in employer and government policies to acknowledge HCWs as valued team members in long-term care and to enhance their effectiveness as caregivers.

From Embedded Knowledge to Embodied Knowledge: New Product Development as Knowledge Management

1998 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindranath Madhavan ◽  
Rajiv Grover
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
New Product ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Embedded Knowledge ◽  
Team Orientation

Because new product development (NPD) teams are engaged in knowledge creation, NPD management should emphasize cognitive team processes rather than purely social processes. Using the notions of tacit knowledge and distributed cognition as a basis, the authors propose that the T-shaped skills, shared mental models, and NPD routines of team members, as well as the A-shaped skills of the team leader, are key design variables when creating NPD teams. The authors propose that trust in team orientation, trust in technical competence, information redundancy, and rich personal interaction are important process variables for the effective and efficient creation of new knowledge.

scholarly journals “My battery is low and it's getting dark”

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Travis Holland
Keyword(s):  
Dust Storm ◽  
Mars Exploration ◽  
Mars Exploration Rover ◽  
Definition Of

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity operated on Mars from 2004 until it was disabled by a dust storm in 2018. Its demise was declared in February 2019 after months of unsuccessful recontact attempts by scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This announcement sparked a global outpouring of grief that demonstrated people understood and related to the robot in a notably human-like manner. In short, it had been given a collectively understood persona. This paper presents a study of 100 digital postcards created by users on a NASA website that demonstrate the ways in which people expressed love, grief, hope, and thanks for Opportunity’s fourteen years of operation on another planet. In presenting this case study, the paper argues that certain personas are collective achievements. This is especially likely to occur for robots and other inanimate objects which have no centrally controlled or developed persona. The paper is situated within existing persona studies literature to extend and stretch the definition of persona studies and therefore expand the field in productive ways to incorporate the study of non-human personas.

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