Real and Imagined Smellscapes

The smellscape is the olfactory environment as perceived and understood, consisting of odours and scents from multiple smell sources. To what extent can audiovisual information evoke the smells of a real, complex, and multimodal environment? To investigate smellscape imagination, we compared results from two studies. In the first, onsite participants (N = 15) made a sensory walk through seven locations of an open-air market. In the second, online participants (N = 53) made a virtual walk through the same locations reproduced with audio and video recordings. Responses in the form of free-form verbal annotations, ratings with semantic scales, and a ‘smell wheel’, were analysed for environmental quality, smell source type and strength, and hedonic tone. The degree of association between real and imagined smellscapes was measured through canonical correlation analysis. Hedonic tone, as expressed through frequency counts of keywords in free-form annotations was significantly associated, suggesting that smell sources might generally be correctly inferred from audiovisual information, when such imagination is required. On the other hand, onsite ratings of olfactory quality were not significantly associated with online ratings of audiovisual reproductions, when participants were not specifically asked to imagine smells. We discuss findings in the light of cross-modal association, categorisation, and memory recall of smells.

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Querying Google Books Ngram Viewer's Big Data Text Corpuses to Complement Research

Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology - Advances in Knowledge Acquisition, Transfer, and Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6493-7.ch020 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 514-555

Author(s):

Shalin Hai-Jew

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Word Frequency ◽

Book Publishing ◽

Cloud Service ◽

Easy Access ◽

Free Form ◽

Wide Range ◽

Google Books ◽

Research Questions ◽

Frequency Counts

If qualitative and mixed methods researchers have a tradition of gleaning information from all possible sources, they may well find the Google Books Ngram Viewer and its repository of tens of millions of digitized books yet another promising data stream. This free cloud service enables easy access to big data in terms of querying the word frequency counts of a range of terms and numerical sequences (and languages) from 1500 – 2000, a 500-year span of book publishing, with new books being added continually. The data queries that may be made with this tool are virtually unanswerable otherwise. The word frequency counts provide a lagging indicator of both instances and trends, related to language usage, cultural phenomena, popularity, technological innovations, and a wide range of other insights. The text corpuses contain de-contextualized words used by the educated literati of the day sharing their knowledge in formalized texts. The enablements of the Google Books Ngram Viewer provide complementary information sourcing for designed research questions as well as free-form discovery. This tool allows downloading of the “shadowed” (masked or de-identified) extracted data for further analyses and visualizations. This chapter provides both a basic and advanced look at how to extract information from the Google Books Ngram Viewer for light research.

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Reliability of the Conversational Interaction Coding Form When Applied to Natural Conversation of Individuals With Aphasia

Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders ◽

10.1044/nnsld20.4.125 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ashley Pozzolo Coote ◽

Jane Pimentel

Keyword(s):

Best Practice ◽

Interobserver Reliability ◽

Training Session ◽

Clinical Tool ◽

Group Setting ◽

Conversational Interaction ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Aphasia Therapy ◽

Natural Conversation ◽

Point To Point

Purpose: Development of valid and reliable outcome tools to document social approaches to aphasia therapy and to determine best practice is imperative. The aim of this study is to determine whether the Conversational Interaction Coding Form (CICF; Pimentel & Algeo, 2009) can be applied reliably to the natural conversation of individuals with aphasia in a group setting. Method: Eleven graduate students participated in this study. During a 90-minute training session, participants reviewed and practiced coding with the CICF. Then participants independently completed the CICF using video recordings of individuals with non-fluent and fluent aphasia participating in an aphasia group. Interobserver reliability was computed using matrices representative of the point-to-point agreement or disagreement between each participant's coding and the authors' coding for each measure. Interobserver reliability was defined as 80% or better agreement for each measure. Results: On the whole, the CICF was not applied reliably to the natural conversation of individuals with aphasia in a group setting. Conclusion: In an extensive review of the turns that had high disagreement across participants, the poor reliability was attributed to inadequate rules and definitions and inexperienced coders. Further research is needed to improve the reliability of this potentially useful clinical tool.

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Video recordings of subtle continuous epileptic events (SCEE) along the evolution of status epilepticus (SE)

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/s0013-4694(97)88178-7 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

F Minicucci

Keyword(s):

Status Epilepticus ◽

Video Recordings

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Items’ Cross-Category Associations as a Confounding Factor in the Implicit Association Test

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.123 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 123-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Melanie C. Steffens ◽

Inga Plewe

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

Confounding Factor ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Association Test ◽

The Other ◽

Reaction Time Difference ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Male And Female ◽

Research Activities ◽

Degree Of Association

Abstract. The introduction of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) has stimulated numerous research activities. The IAT is supposed to measure the degree of association between concepts. Instances have to be assigned to these concepts by pressing appropriate keys as quickly as possible. The reaction time difference between certain conditions, termed the IAT effect, is used as an indicator of the degree of the concepts’ association. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of association between one concept (or category) and the instances of the other presented concept also influences reaction times. In our experiment, the instances in the target categories, male and female names, were kept constant. The adjectives in the evaluative categories were manipulated: Either the pleasant adjectives were female-associated and the unpleasant adjectives were male-associated, or vice versa. These stereotypic associations were indeed found to exert a substantial influence on the size of the IAT effect. This finding casts doubt on the assumption that the IAT effect may be interpreted as a pure measure of the degree of association between concepts.

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