Real and Imagined Smellscapes

The smellscape is the olfactory environment as perceived and understood, consisting of odours and scents from multiple smell sources. To what extent can audiovisual information evoke the smells of a real, complex, and multimodal environment? To investigate smellscape imagination, we compared results from two studies. In the first, onsite participants (N = 15) made a sensory walk through seven locations of an open-air market. In the second, online participants (N = 53) made a virtual walk through the same locations reproduced with audio and video recordings. Responses in the form of free-form verbal annotations, ratings with semantic scales, and a ‘smell wheel’, were analysed for environmental quality, smell source type and strength, and hedonic tone. The degree of association between real and imagined smellscapes was measured through canonical correlation analysis. Hedonic tone, as expressed through frequency counts of keywords in free-form annotations was significantly associated, suggesting that smell sources might generally be correctly inferred from audiovisual information, when such imagination is required. On the other hand, onsite ratings of olfactory quality were not significantly associated with online ratings of audiovisual reproductions, when participants were not specifically asked to imagine smells. We discuss findings in the light of cross-modal association, categorisation, and memory recall of smells.

Rain water composition at two BAPMoN stations in India

Six years of rain water composition data from two BAPMoN regional stations in India are analysed using Factor Model Analysis. It gives four factors representing different source type contributing to water soluble pollutants in precipitation. The major influence on rain water composition at both sites are Sea-salt and continental source such as soil dust, ammonia and low levels of sulfate and nitrate which presumably have both natural and anthropogenic components. The long term mean values of pH of rain water at both sites were found to be greater than the pH value of selected polluted northern atmosphere sites.

The Language Ecology of Graduate Students: An Exploration through Vocabulary Contribution

This study explores the language ecology of graduate students through vocabulary contribution. Understanding students’ learning ecology may be done through the identification of pertinent sociomaterial networks with which students engage to initiate or complement learning. This study was set in an academic writing module taught by the researcher. An open invitation was extended to his students to contribute any vocabulary they encountered outside of his classroom. Along with the vocabulary contribution, students also had to provide the excerpt where the word occurred and the source-type. Contributions were made on an online Excel file. There was a total of 277 contributions made, of which 259 were unique (229 words and 30 unique strings of words). Students’ contributions of strings of words were not anticipated. A majority of these contributions came from academic sources, such as research articles or book chapters, which may be a pertinent aspect of the graduate students’ language ecology. Through the findings, it is recommended that English for academic purposes (EAP) or English for specific purposes (ESP) instructors identify language ecologies found in the broader university setting to glean relevant pedagogical materials that can support students’ language development.

Phytoplankton Morpho-Functional Trait Variability along Coastal Environmental Gradients

We utilized the trait-based approach in a novel way to examine how specific phytoplankton traits are related to physical features connected to global change, water quality features connected to catchment change, and nutrient availability connected to nutrient loading. For the analyses, we used summertime monitoring data originating from the coastal northern Baltic Sea and generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMM). Of the physical features connected to global climate change, temperature was the most important affecting several studied traits. Nitrogen-fixing, buoyant, non-motile, and autotrophic phytoplankton, as well as harmful cyanobacteria, benefited from a higher temperature. Salinity and stratification did not have clear effects on the traits. Water transparency, which in the Baltic Sea is connected to catchment change, had a mostly negative relation to the studied traits. Harmfulness was negatively correlated with transparency, while the share of non-harmful and large-sized phytoplankton was positively related to it. We used nutrient loading source type and total phosphorus (TP) as proxies for nutrient availability connected to anthropogenic eutrophication. The nutrient loading source type did not relate to any of the traits. Our result showing that N-fixing was not related to TP is discussed. The regionality analysis demonstrated that traits should be calculated in both absolute terms (biomass) and proportions (share of total biomass) to get a better view of community changes and to potentially supplement the environmental status assessments.

A Bibliometric Review on Chemistry Education: Bodies of Research, 1980-2020

Over the four decades, there has been sustained research activity in chemistry education. However, in terms of bodies of research, only a few different views were recorded. Thus, this study aimed to examine the trend bodies of research on chemistry education over the past 40 years (1980-2020) by using bibliometric analysis. Data based was collected from Scopus-indexed documents based on the 'title' search results. A total of 1041 finalized documents from various research types were used for further analysis. Two software (Harzing Perish and VOSviewer) were used to complete the bibliometric review using standard bibliometric indicators. This study found 12 types of documents published is related to chemistry education. 57 % of the total publications are from articles. The highest source type is journals (81%). Then, the growth of the related publications has risen gradually. English is the top language used in publications. The United States is ranked first in productivity published documents when an analysis by country is done. Citation analysis results can identify key authors and documents that designed the progress of this review. This analysis is used to determine the intellectual structure of the chemistry education knowledge base. In conclusion, this review delivers a better understanding of the development trends in chemistry education bodies of research over the past 40 years. Furthermore, the review result can also offer a reference for future research. Keywords: Chemistry education, Citations count, Scopus, Trend, VOSviewer

Using whole-genome sequence data to examine the epidemiology of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and associated antimicrobial resistance in raccoons (Procyon lotor), swine manure pits, and soil samples on swine farms in southern Ontario, Canada

To better understand the contribution of wildlife to the dissemination of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, we examined whole-genome sequence data from Salmonella and E. coli isolates collected from raccoons (Procyon lotor) and environmental sources on farms in southern Ontario. All Salmonella and phenotypically resistant E. coli collected from raccoons, soil, and manure pits on five swine farms as part of a previous study were included. We assessed for evidence of potential transmission of these organisms between different sources and farms utilizing a combination of population structure assessments (using core-genome multi-locus sequence typing), direct comparisons of multi-drug resistant isolates, and epidemiological modeling of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and plasmid incompatibility (Inc) types. Univariable logistic regression models were fit to assess the impact of source type, farm location, and sampling year on the occurrence of select resistance genes and Inc types. A total of 159 Salmonella and 96 resistant E. coli isolates were included. A diversity of Salmonella serovars and sequence types were identified, and, in some cases, we found similar or identical Salmonella isolates and resistance genes between raccoons, soil, and swine manure pits. Certain Inc types and resistance genes associated with source type were consistently more likely to be identified in isolates from raccoons than swine manure pits, suggesting that manure pits are not likely a primary source of those particular resistance determinants for raccoons. Overall, our data suggest that transmission of Salmonella and AMR determinants between raccoons and swine manure pits is uncommon, but soil-raccoon transmission appears to be occurring frequently. More comprehensive sampling of farms, and assessment of farms with other livestock species, as well as additional environmental sources (e.g., rivers) may help to further elucidate the movement of resistance genes between these various sources.

820. Optimal Specimen Source(s) for Carbapenemase-Producing Acinetobacter Colonization Screening

Background Infection prevention (IP) strategies are implemented to limit the transmission of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which are estimated to occur in 1 out of 31 hospitalized patients per day in the United States. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter (CRA) cause HAIs classified as an urgent threat by CDC. When carbapenemase-producing CRA (CP-CRA) are identified, containment strategies are implemented, including screening patients at high risk for colonization with CP-CRA. Point prevalence surveys (PPS) are conducted to assist with HAI outbreak investigations and identify colonized patients. Methods Herein, we describe results from culture-based CP-CRA colonization testing of multiple specimen sources (rectal, skin [axilla/groin or groin], respiratory, and/or wound). A total of 744 PPS specimens from 356 patients, across six states, were obtained from February 2019 to May 2021 for CP-CRA colonization screening including 30% (224/744) rectal, 52% (390/744) skin, 10% (73/744) respiratory, and 8% (57/744) wound sources. The specimens were plated onto both non-selective (blood agar) and selective media (MacConkey, ESBL CHROMagar, Acinetobacter CHROMagar), and RT-PCR was performed for detection of the Acinetobacter-specific carbapenemase genes blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, and blaOXA-58. Results Twelve percent (90/744) of specimens, representing 17% (62/356) of patients, were positive for detection of blaOXA-23 and/or blaOXA-24 CP-CRA. The majority (96%) of CP-CRA harbored blaOXA-24. Of the 62 colonized patients, 52% (32/62) had more than one collection source and 47% (15/32) of those had more than one source positive for CP-CRA. There was no consensus regarding a single source type across positive specimens. However, rectal or skin swab collection alone would potentially miss 2% (4/163) or 8% (14/186) of positive specimens, respectively. Conclusion These data suggest that rectal or skin source collection alone could be sufficient for detection of CP-CRA. Overall, multiple factors should be considered to guide the source(s) for CP-CRA specimen collection, such as infection type, regional prevalence, patient factors, and/or IP gap(s) within a facility. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Repair Practices in Phone Conversations: A Case Study of Chinese English Speakers

Repair, one key concept in conversation analysis, usually refers to the ways of dealing with troubles of speaking, understanding, and hearing in the talk (Schegloff et al., 1977). This paper focuses on the latter two trouble sources, i.e., troubles of hearing and understanding. The study here, of a dataset of interactions concerning information inquiries between two Chinese learners of English and eight service employees in hotels or airlines, investigates how the repair is initiated and completed via phone through the perspective of conversation analysis. It mainly explores (a) how trouble sources are identified by the recipient over the phone; (b) how the repair is initiated in phone conversations; and (c) how repair strategies and repair avoidance are used based on the recipients’ identification of the trouble source type and the importance of the mistake or misunderstanding, in the service industry. The results showcase that Chinese English speakers encounter troubles of understanding and hearing in phone conversations frequently. A selection of initiators and strategies are identified, such as repair preface (e.g., ‘I mean’) and pre-framing. The analysis also illustrates that the service personnel involved tend to either accept the customer’s candidate understanding to avoid the repair or continuously make repairs on their own turns to clarify. Such empirical evidence further supports and validates Kitzinger’s (2013) idea that a) specific repair forms and practices are constrained by a range of local factors, and b) people adopt diversified methods and strategies to ‘fix’ troubles of hearing and understanding.