Ingroup Bias in Healthcare Contexts: Israeli-Jewish Perceptions of Arab and Jewish Doctors

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Elliot Graham ◽

Samer Halabi ◽

Arie Nadler

Keyword(s):

Group Membership ◽

Strong Tendency ◽

Ingroup Bias

The influence of group membership on perceptions of outgroup members has been extensively studied in various contexts. This research has indicated a strong tendency for ingroup bias – preferring the ingroup over the outgroup. We seek to further expand on the growing literature regarding the effects of group membership within healthcare contexts. Focusing on the Arab-Jewish context in Israel, the present study explored the influence of group membership on Israeli-Jewish participants’ evaluations when exposed to potential malpractice. Specifically, participants (n = 165) read a description of an Israeli-Jewish or Israeli-Arab physician who was either culpable or non-culpable of malpractice. Consistent with our predictions, findings generally indicated more negative evaluations of the Israeli-Arab physician, regardless of objective culpability. We conclude by discussing the study’s limitations and implications.

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Right Temporoparietal Junction Plays a Role in the Modulation of Emotional Mimicry by Group Membership

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2021.606292 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Shenli Peng ◽

Beibei Kuang ◽

Ling Zhang ◽

Ping Hu

Keyword(s):

Group Membership ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Ingroup Bias ◽

Temporoparietal Junction ◽

Facial Electromyography ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Right Temporoparietal Junction ◽

Muscle Activations ◽

The Right ◽

Double Blinded

Our prior research demonstrated that the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) exerted a modulatory role in ingroup bias in emotional mimicry. In this study, two experiments were conducted to further explore whether the rTPJ is a neural region for emotional mimicry or for the modulation of emotional mimicry by group membership in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, between-subject design. Both experiments employed non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to temporarily change the cortical excitability over the rTPJ and facial electromyography (fEMG) to measure facial muscle activations as an index of emotional mimicry. After the anodal or sham stimulation, participants in Experiment 1 passively viewed a series of happy clips, while participants in Experiment 2 viewed happy clips performed by ethnic ingroup and outgroup models. fEMG analyses revealed that participants in Experiment 1 showed the same degree of happy mimicry for both tDCS conditions (anodal vs. sham) and participants in Experiment 2 showed an ingroup bias in happy mimicry in the sham condition, which disappeared in the anodal condition. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that rTPJ plays a role in the modulation of emotional mimicry by group membership.

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Social identification and interpersonal attraction in MUDs

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.62.2.91 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 91-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Sonja Utz

Keyword(s):

Social Psychology ◽

Virtual Communities ◽

Group Membership ◽

Interpersonal Attraction ◽

Group Behavior ◽

Social Identification ◽

Ingroup Bias ◽

Situational Context ◽

Web Experiment

In social psychology, two forms of attachment to groups are distinguished: interpersonal attraction and social identification. A web experiment was conducted to examine whether these two forms of attachment can also be differentiated in virtual communities, more precisely, MUDs (multi-user-dungeons). Both forms of attachment occurred. As expected, the concepts were functionally independent from each other. Whereas interpersonal attraction became stronger with increased duration of group membership and was fostered by physical life contacts, social identification was independent from these factors. Instead, social identification was related to more cognitive indicators of self-categorization. In contrast to interpersonal attraction, social identification was influenced by situational context and predicted group behavior such as ingroup bias.

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The Impact of Helping Behavior on Outgroup Infrahumanization

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39400 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 1099-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Naira Delgado ◽

Verónica Betancor ◽

Armando Rodríguez-Pérez ◽

Eva Ariño

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Prosocial Behavior ◽

Lexical Decision Task ◽

Helping Behavior ◽

Strong Tendency ◽

Ingroup Bias ◽

Decision Task ◽

The Impact

Infrahumanization research has verified that in intergroup contexts, there is a strong tendency to attribute secondary emotions, which are uniquely human, to the ingroup, while limiting that attribution in outgroups. Experiments have shown it to be as common as ingroup bias. However, it is not yet known what characteristics may mitigate this trend. This paper presents two studies. The first analyzes the impact of helping behavior on attributions of human traits to two fictitious groups. The second study's objective was to determine if members of the Spanish ingroup would infrahumanize an Ethiopian outgroup less when that outgroup performs prosocial behavior towards another group. Infrahumanization was determined by a lexical decision task, using the names of ingroup and outgroup members as priming. The results demonstrate that describing a fictitious group in altruistic terms increases their human profile (experiment one) and reduces infrahumanization (experiment two).

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Does the Name-Race Implicit Association Test Measure Racial Prejudice?

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000093 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Don van Ravenzwaaij ◽

Han L. J. van der Maas ◽

Eric-Jan Wagenmakers

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Model ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Alternative Explanation ◽

Group Membership ◽

Racial Prejudice ◽

Decision Time ◽

Association Test ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Model Decomposition ◽

Test Measure

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has shown that names labeled as Caucasian elicit more positive associations than names labeled as non-Caucasian. One interpretation of this result is that the IAT measures latent racial prejudice. An alternative explanation is that the result is due to differences in in-group/out-group membership. In this study, we conducted three different IATs: one with same-race Dutch names versus racially charged Moroccan names; one with same-race Dutch names versus racially neutral Finnish names; and one with Moroccan names versus Finnish names. Results showed equivalent effects for the Dutch-Moroccan and Dutch-Finnish IATs, but no effect for the Finnish-Moroccan IAT. This suggests that the name-race IAT-effect is not due to racial prejudice. A diffusion model decomposition indicated that the IAT-effects were caused by changes in speed of information accumulation, response conservativeness, and non-decision time.

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