Silvicultural Practices as Main Drivers of the Spread of Tree of Heaven (<em>Ailanthus altissima</em> (Mill.) Swingle) <sup>†</sup>

Abstract Objectives Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L., EAL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) leaves are all reported to be rich of flavonoids. This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effects of Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) leaves ethanol extracts in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Methods After 3weeks of adaptation period, 12-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5 each): Control group (C), D-galactose induced aging group (G), D-galactose injection with tomato treatment positive control group (PC), D-galactose injection with OL treatment group (O), D-galactose injection with EAL treatment group (E), D-galactose injection with AA treatment group (A). All groups except C group were intraperitoneally injected with D-galactose for 12 weeks and C group was treated with saline as a substitute. Results After 8 weeks of oral treatment period, there was no significant difference in body weight among six groups. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration levels increased significantly in G group compared to C group (P < 0.05). Serum advanced glycation end (AGE) concentration levels decreased significantly in O group and A group compared to G group (P < 0.05). Liver MDA level decreased significantly in O, E, A groups compared to G group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Sprout of evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata, OL), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, AA) extract consumption can ameliorate antioxidative activities by suppressing oxidative stress in d-galactose induced aging rat model. Further research is under progress to clarify the mechanism of antioxidative effects. Funding Sources This study was partly funded and cooperated by Ministry of Commerce Industry and Energy.

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Nontarget Tree Mortality after Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Injection with Imazapyr

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/25.2.66 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 66-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kevin Lewis ◽

Brian McCarthy

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Root Exudation ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vegetation Heterogeneity ◽

Nontarget Species ◽

Root Grafts ◽

Injection Risk

Abstract Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Miller [Swingle]) can be managed easily with herbicide injection. However, the potential herbicide translocation to neighboring trees must be evaluated before widespread recommendations for herbicide injections. We assessed the nontargettranslocation of imazapyr (Arsenal), an herbicide commonly used to manage woody vegetation in forests, from injected tree-of-heaven to neighboring noninjected stems. Targeted imazapyr injections not only killed all injected tree-of-heaven, but also killed 17.5% of neighboring (within 3 m) noninjected tree-of-heaven and eight other tree species 62 weeks after treatment. Nontarget mortality from herbicide translocation decreased as the distance from injected tree-of-heaven increased (up to 3 m) and as stem diameter of noninjected plants increased. The plausible modes ofinter- and intraspecific herbicide translocation include root grafts, mutually shared mycorrhizal fungi, root exudation and absorption, and/or leaf senescence. Because tree-of-heaven is clonal, patch size and vegetation heterogeneity will be an important determinant of herbicide injectionprotocols. In forest environments with many small patches (i.e., high edge to interior ratio) or mixed species stands, nontarget hardwoods are at an increased risk of mortality. In isolated large patches (with lower edge to interior ratio) or dense monospecific clones, injection risk to nontarget species will be relatively low.

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