Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Deposition Species in an Agricultural Brazilian Region Using Positive Matrix Factorization

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Natiele Pereira ◽  
Adalgiza Fornaro ◽  
Marcelo Vieira-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Biogenic Emissions ◽  
Positive Matrix ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Neutralization Factor ◽  
Bulk Atmospheric Deposition

We investigated the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources on bulk atmospheric deposition chemistry, from November 2017 until October 2019, in a Brazilian agricultural area. The pH mean value was 5.99 (5.52–8.46) and most deposition samples (~98%) were alkaline (pH > 5.60). We identified Ca2+ as the predominant species, accounting for 33% of the total ionic species distribution and the main precursor of atmospheric acidity neutralization (Neutralization Factor = 6.63). PMF analysis resulted in four factors, which demonstrated the influence of anthropogenic and natural sources, such as fertilizer application and production, marine intrusion/biomass burning, and biogenic emissions, and revealed the importance of atmospheric neutralization processes.

Bulk Atmospheric Deposition in the Charleston Harbor Watershed

2007 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 1452-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Lee Lindner ◽  
James R. Frysinger
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Bulk Atmospheric Deposition

scholarly journals Summertime PM<sub>2.5</sub> ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1711-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Pathak ◽  
W. S. Wu ◽  
T. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Gas Phase Reaction ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. Strong atmospheric photochemistry in summer can produce a significant amount of secondary aerosols, which may have a large impact on regional air quality and visibility. In the study reported herein, we analyzed sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in PM2.5 samples collected using a 24-h filter system at suburban and rural sites near four major cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Lanzhou). Overall, the PM2.5 mass concentrations were high (with a mean value of 55–68 gμgm−3), which reflects the long-known particulate pollution in China's large urban centers. We observed very high concentrations of sulfate and nitrate at the Beijing and Shanghai sites, and, in particular, abnormally high levels of nitrate (24-h average concentration up to 42 gμgm−3 and contributing up to 25% of the PM2.5 mass) in the ammonium-poor samples. The Beijing and Shanghai aerosols were characterized by high levels of aerosol acidity (~220–390 nmol m−3) and low levels of in-situ pH (−0.77 to −0.52). In these samples, the formation of the observed high concentrations of particulate nitrate cannot be explained by homogeneous gas-phase reaction between ammonia and nitric acid. Examination of the relation of nitrate to relative humidity and aerosol loading suggests that the nitrate was most probably formed via the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on the surface of the moist and acidic aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai. In comparison, the samples collected in Lanzhou and Guangzhou were ammonium-rich with low levels of aerosol acidity (~65–70 nmol m−3), and the formation of ammonium nitrate via the homogeneous gas-phase reaction was favored, which is similar to many previous studies. An empirical fit has been derived to relate fine nitrate to aerosol acidity, aerosol water content, aerosol surface area, and the precursor of nitrate for the data from Beijing and Shanghai.

scholarly journals Characterization, Pollution Sources, and Health Risk of Ionic and Elemental Constituents in PM2.5 of Wuhan, Central China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqian Wang ◽  
Weilin Zhang ◽  
Shiyang Dong ◽  
Shinichi Yonemachi ◽  
Senlin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Central China ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Elemental Ratios ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Summer Enrichment ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Sampling

Atmospheric PM2.5 samples from Wuhan, China were collected during a winter period of February and a summer period of August in 2018. The average PM2.5 mass concentration in winter reached 112 μg/m3—about two-fold higher than that found in summer. Eight ionic species constituted 1/3 of PM2.5, whereas more than 85% represented secondary ionic aerosols (NO3−, SO42− and NH4+). Higher ratios of NO3−/SO42− (0.95–2.62) occurred in winter and lower ratios (0.11–0.42) occurred in summer showing the different contribution for mobile and stationary sources. Seventeen elemental species constituted about 10% of PM2.5, with over 95% Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, K and Zn. Higher K-concentration occurred in winter indicating greater contribution from biomass and firework-burning. Carcinogenic risks by Cr, As, Cd, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 indicated that about 6.94 children and 46.5 adults among per million may risk getting cancer via inhalation during surrounding winter atmospheric sampling, while about 5.41 children and 36.6 adults have the same risk during summer. Enrichment factors (EFs) and elemental ratios showed that these hazardous elements were mainly from anthropogenic sources like coal and oil combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicles.

Bulk Atmospheric Deposition in the Southern Po Valley (Northern Italy)

2009 ◽  
Vol 210 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Pieri ◽  
Philipp Matzneller ◽  
Nicola Gaspari ◽  
Ilaria Marotti ◽  
Giovanni Dinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Po Valley ◽  
Bulk Atmospheric Deposition

scholarly journals Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on global scale

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef M. Pacyna ◽  
Oleg Travnikov ◽  
Francesco De Simone ◽  
Ian M. Hedgecock ◽  
Kyrre Sundseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Mercury Emissions ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Air Concentrations

Abstract. An assessment of current and future emissions, air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of mercury world-wide are presented on the basis of results obtained during the performance of the EU GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project. Emission estimates for mercury were prepared with the main goal of applying them in models to assess current (2013) and future (2035) air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of this contaminant. The artisanal and small- scale gold mining, as well as combustion of fossil fuels (mainly coal) for energy and heat production in power plants and in industrial and residential boilers are the major anthropogenic sources of Hg emissions to the atmosphere at present. These sources account for about 37 % and 25 % of the total anthropogenic Hg emissions globally, estimated to be about 2000 tonnes. The emissions in Asian countries, particularly in China and India dominate the total emissions of Hg. The current estimate of mercury emissions from natural processes (primary mercury emissions and re-emissions), including mercury depletion events, were estimated to be 5207 tonnes per year which represent nearly 70 % of the global mercury emission budget. Oceans are the most important sources (36 %) followed by biomass burning (9 %). A comparison of the 2035 anthropogenic emissions estimated for 3 different scenarios with current anthriopogenic emissions indicates a reduction of these emissions in 2035 up to 85 % for the best case scenario. Two global chemical transport models (GLEMOS and ECHMERIT) have been used for the evaluation of future Hg pollution levels considering future emission scenarios. Projections of future changes in Hg deposition on a global scale simulated by these models for three anthropogenic emissions scenarios of 2035 indicate a decrease of up to 50 % deposition in the Northern Hemisphere and up to 35 % in Southern Hemisphere for the best case scenario. The EU GMOS project has proved to be a very important research instrument for supporting, first the scientific justification for the Minamata Convention, and then monitoring of the implementation of targets of this Convention, as well as, the EU Mercury Strategy. This project provided the state-of-the art with regard to the development of the latest emission inventories for mercury, future emission scenarios, dispersion modelling of atmospheric Hg on global and regional scale, and source – receptor techniques for Hg emission apportionment on a global scale.

scholarly journals Atmospheric deposition of polybromodiphenyl ethers in remote mountain regions of Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 22847-22892 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arellano ◽  
P. Fernández ◽  
J. F. López ◽  
N. L. Rose ◽  
U. Nickus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Photolytic Degradation ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Bulk Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract. Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in bulk atmospheric deposition collected in four European remote mountain areas over a period of two years (2004–2006): Lake Redon (Pyrenees), Gossenköllesee (Alps), Lochnagar (Grampian Mountains) and Skalnate (Tatras). In all sites, the PBDE distributions were dominated by BDE209. BDE47 and BDE99 were the major low-brominated congeners, followed by BDE100 and BDE183. This composition is consistent with predominant inputs from the commercial mixtures decaBDE and pentaBDE. The total congener site-averaged fluxes ranged between 100 ng m−2 mo−1 (Alps) and 190 ng m−2 mo−1 (Tatras). Significant correlations between PBDE deposition and percent of North Atlantic backwards air mass trajectories in the collected samples of the westernmost sites, Lochnagar and Redon, suggested an impact of transcontinental transfer of these pollutants from North American sources into Europe. Skalnate and, to a lower extent Redon, recorded another main PBDE source from central Europe corresponding to secondary emissions of the penta BDE commercial mixture. The fluxes of these secondary emissions were temperature dependent and correlated to total particle deposition and rainfall. Higher PBDE fluxes were observed at increasing temperature, particle deposition and precipitation. Another specific PBDE source was observed in United Kingdom and recorded in Lochnagar. Photolytic degradation during transport decreased the relative abundance of BDE209 and modified the emitted pentaBDE technical mixtures by depletion of the relative composition of BDE99 and, to a lower extent, BDE47. The transformations were more intense in the sites located above 2000 m, Redon and Gossenköllesee, and, particularly, during the warm periods.

scholarly journals Summertime PM<sub>2.5</sub> ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11487-11517 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Gas Phase Reaction ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. Strong atmospheric photochemistry in summer can produce a significant amount of secondary aerosols, which may have a large impact on regional air quality and visibility. In the study reported herein, we analyzed sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in PM2.5 samples collected using a 24-h filter system at suburban and rural sites near four major cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Lanzhou). Overall, the PM2.5 mass concentrations were high (with a mean value of 55–68 µg m−3), which reflects the long-known particulate pollution in China's large urban centers. We observed very high concentrations of sulfate and nitrate at the Beijing and Shanghai sites, and, in particular, abnormally high levels of nitrate (24-h average concentration up to 42 µg m−3 and contributing up to 25% of the PM2.5 mass) in the ammonium-poor samples. The Beijing and Shanghai aerosols were characterized by high levels of aerosol acidity (~220–390 nmol m−3) and low levels of in-situ pH (−0.77 to −0.52). In these samples, the formation of the observed high concentrations of particulate nitrate cannot be explained by homogeneous gas-phase reaction between ammonia and nitric acid. Examination of the relation of nitrate to relative humidity and aerosol loading suggests that the nitrate was most probably formed via the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on the surface of the moist and acidic aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai. In comparison, the samples collected in Lanzhou and Guangzhou were ammonium-rich with low levels of aerosol acidity (~65–70 nmol m−3), and the formation of ammonium nitrate via the homogeneous gas-phase reaction was favored, which is similar to many previous studies. An empirical fit has been derived to relate fine nitrate to aerosol acidity, aerosol water content, aerosol surface area, and the precursor of nitrate for the data from Beijing and Shanghai.

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