Modeling of Occupancy-Based Energy Consumption in a Campus Building Using Embedded Devices and IoT Technology

Since occupancy affects energy consumption, it is common to model and simulate occupancy using simulation software. One drawback of simulation software is that it cannot provide data transmission information from the sensors, which is essential for real-time energy monitoring systems. This paper proposes an approach to integrating an occupancy model and a real-time monitoring system for real-time modeling. The integration was performed by implementing a model on embedded devices and employing an IoT-based real-time monitoring application. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach effectively configured and monitored the model using a smartphone. Moreover, the data generated by the model were stored in an IoT cloud server for monitoring and further analysis. The evaluation result showed that the model ran perfectly in real-time embedded devices. The assessment of the IoT data transmission performances yielded a maximum latency of 9.0348 s, jitter of 0.9829 s, inter-arrival time of 5.5085 s, and packet loss of 10.8%, which are adequate for real-time modeling of occupancy-based energy consumption.