scholarly journals Analysis of the Cryptographic Tools for Blockchain and Bitcoin

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Gayoso Martínez ◽  
Luis Hernández-Álvarez ◽  
Luis Hernández Encinas
Keyword(s):  
Elliptic Curves ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
Digital Signatures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Merkle Trees

Blockchain is one of the most interesting emerging technologies nowadays, with applications ranging from cryptocurrencies to smart contracts. This paper presents a review of the cryptographic tools necessary to understand the fundamentals of this technology and the foundations of its security. Among other elements, hash functions, digital signatures, elliptic curves, and Merkle trees are reviewed in the scope of their usage as building blocks of this technology.

Bitcoin Under Broken Crypto Primitives

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-278
Author(s):  
Andreas Bolfing
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Algorithms ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
Digital Signatures ◽  
Cryptographic Primitives ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Software Implementations ◽  
Merkle Trees

Bitcoin’s security relies solely on cryptographic primitives, namely on digital signatures, hash functions and Merkle trees. This chapter discusses the security of the Bitcoin system if some primitives become weaker due to advances in cryptanalysis, an increasing computing power of the adversaries or improper software implementations. The chapter starts with a general overview of the primitives in use, explaining possible attack strategies against each of them, which is followed by combined attack strategies. The chapter closes by showing the consequences of Grover’s and Shor’s quantum algorithms for Bitcoin’s security.

Hash Functions and Their Applications

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Kannan Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Hash Function ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
Digital Signatures ◽  
Message Authentication ◽  
Authenticated Encryption ◽  
Authentication Codes ◽  
Message Authentication Codes ◽  
Message Digest ◽  
Cryptographic Hash Functions

Cryptographic Hash Functions are used to achieve a number of Security goals like Message Authentication, Message Integrity, and are also used to implement Digital Signatures (Non-repudiation), and Entity Authentication. This chapter discusses the construction of hash functions and the various attacks on the Hash functions. The Message Authentication Codes are similar to the Hash functions except that they require a key for producing the message digest or hash. Authenticated Encryption is a scheme that combines hashing and Encryption. The Various types of hash functions like one-way hash function, Collision Resistant hash function and Universal hash functions are also discussed in this chapter.

Digital Signatures Out of Second-Preimage Resistant Hash Functions

2008 ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Dahmen ◽  
Katsuyuki Okeya ◽  
Tsuyoshi Takagi ◽  
Camille Vuillaume
Keyword(s):  
Hash Functions ◽  
Digital Signatures

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Multi-Purpose Authentication Method for Anonymity and Privacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S6) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Relevant Study ◽  
Elastic Curve ◽  
Smart Contract

Various applications using smart contract, a leading application technology of blockchain, are being rapidly introduced to the industrial sector. As a result, services in various fields are actively being developed. Currently, most of the services are offered on a variety of platforms, not blockchain-based. If these services are linked to prepaid features that provide anonymity in smart contracts, a more diverse service scenario could be created. In this paper, we propose scenarios that provide certification for various purposes based on smart contracts. It provides a scenario that provides the privacy of the contract signed by the customer while retaining the anonymity provided by blockchain. Smart contracts register keys that do not give a clue to guess the encoding keys and deliver hash functions of the child keys that change each time with authentication parameters.In addition, the master seed that can generate these authentication parameters is designed to be kept only by the user and the service provider to be able to verify them. It is proposed by considering both a single service provider transaction and a smart contract authentication model that is shared with a large number of service providers. To generate these child keys, we proposed a mechanism to use the method of generation of child keys based on the Elastic Curve Cryptography public-key method. Various attack scenarios were analyzed to complement the scenario and the efficiency of the proposed mechanism was analyzed. In addition, differences and excellence were compared by organizing scenarios that had the same purpose as scenarios in the relevant study

scholarly journals Rational Protocols and Attacks in Blockchain System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Yuling Chen ◽  
Yanli Wang ◽  
Yilei Wang ◽  
Minghao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Game Theoretic

Blockchain has been an emerging technology, which comprises lots of fields such as distributed systems and Internet of Things (IoT). As is well known, blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, whose initial motivation is derived from economic incentives. Therefore, lots of components of blockchain (e.g., consensus mechanism) can be constructed toward the view of game theory. In this paper, we highlight the combination of game theory and blockchain, including rational smart contracts, game theoretic attacks, and rational mining strategies. When put differently, the rational parties, who manage to maximize their utilities, involved in blockchain chose their strategies according to the economic incentives. Consequently, we focus on the influence of rational parties with respect to building blocks. More specifically, we investigate the research progress from the aspects of smart contract, rational attacks, and consensus mechanism, respectively. Finally, we present some future directions based on the brief survey with respect to game theory and blockchain.

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