scholarly journals Kinetics Study in Parachute Landing Fall Technique by Comparing Professional and Amateur Malaysian Army Parachutists Using Kane’s Method

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazwana Aziz ◽  
Azmin Sham Rambely ◽  
Kok Beng Gan ◽  
Wan Rozita Wan Din
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
P Value ◽  
Open Chain ◽  
Kane’S Method ◽  
Kane's Method ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Flexion And Extension

This paper discusses the torque data during Parachute Landing Fall (PLF) activity on the sagittal plane by applying Kane’s method. The value of torque is determined in order to identify the movement of extension and flexion at every joint-segment on the parachutist during landing. Data were obtained from three professional and eighteen amateur parachutists, each with three consecutive landings. Quintic Biomechanics Software v26 was selected to capture motion analysis. The mathematical model for the PLF technique was presented based on a two-link kinematics open chain in a two-dimensional space using Kane’s method. The t-test result showed the p-value of torque at each joint between professionals and amateurs (p ≤ 0.05). According to the torque result, the professional parachutists extended their arm then flexion their elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and the ankle plantar flexion during the foot strike phase. The professional demonstrated a perfect PLF technique by identifying the flexion and extension on each joint segment that was involved during landing activity. The value of torque at each joint segment from professional parachutists may be used as a guideline for amateurs to perform optimal landing and minimise the injury.

scholarly journals Kinematics Analysis of Ankle Inversion Ligamentous Sprain Injuries in Sports

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2627-2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tik-Pui Fong ◽  
Sophia Chui-Wai Ha ◽  
Kam-Ming Mok ◽  
Christie Wing-Long Chan ◽  
Kai-Ming Chan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Skeleton Model ◽  
Ankle Inversion ◽  
Foot Strike

Background: Ankle ligamentous sprain is common in sports. The most direct way to study the mechanism quantitatively is to study real injury cases; however, it is unethical and impractical to produce an injury in the laboratory. A recently developed, model-based image-matching motion analysis technique allows quantitative analysis of real injury incidents captured in televised events and gives important knowledge for the development of injury prevention protocols and equipment. To date, there have been only 4 reported cases, and there is a need to conduct more studies for a better understanding of the mechanism of ankle ligamentous sprain injury. Purpose: This study presents 5 cases in tennis and a comparison with 4 previous cases for a better understanding of the mechanism of ankle ligamentous sprain injury. Study Design: Case series; level of evidence, 4. Methods: Five sets of videos showing ankle sprain injuries in televised tennis competition with 2 camera views were collected. The videos were transformed, synchronized, and rendered to a 3-dimensional animation software. The dimensions of the tennis court in each case were obtained to build a virtual environment, and a skeleton model scaled to the injured athlete’s height was used for the skeleton matching. Foot strike was determined visually, and the profiles of the ankle joint kinematics were individually presented. Results: There was a pattern of sudden inversion and internal rotation at the ankle joint, with the peak values ranging from 48°-126° and 35°-99°, respectively. In the sagittal plane, the ankle joint fluctuated between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion within the first 0.50 seconds after foot strike. The peak inversion velocity ranged from 509 to 1488 deg/sec. Conclusion: Internal rotation at the ankle joint could be one of the causes of ankle inversion sprain injury, with a slightly inverted ankle joint orientation at landing as the inciting event. To prevent the foot from rolling over the edge to cause a sprain injury, tennis players who do lots of sideward cutting motions should try to land with a neutral ankle orientation and keep the center of pressure from shifting laterally.

Modeling the resistance mechanism of passive knee joint flexion and extension for use in rehabilitation equipment

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192199013
Author(s):  
Mansoor Amiri ◽  
Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh ◽  
Farshad Ghazalian
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Elastic Coefficient ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Joint Flexion ◽  
Flexion And Extension

The purpose of this study was to model the resistance mechanism of Passive Knee Joint Flexion and Extension to create a similar torque mechanism in rehabilitation equipment. In order to better model the behavior of passive knee tissues, it is necessary to exactly calculate the two coefficients of elasticity of time-independent and time-dependent parts. Ten healthy male volunteers (mean height 176.4+/−4.59 cm) participated in this study. Passive knee joint flexion and extension occurred at velocities of 15, 45, and 120 (degree/s), and in five consecutive cycles and within the range of 0 to 100° of knee movement on the sagittal plane on Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. To ensure that the muscles were relaxed, the electrical activity of knee muscles was recorded. The elastic coefficient, (KS) increased with elevating the passive velocity in flexion and extension. The elastic coefficient, (KP) was observed to grow with the passive velocity increase. While, the viscous coefficient (C) diminished with passive velocity rise in extension and flexion. The heightened passive velocity of the motion resulted in increased hysteresis (at a rate of 42%). The desired of passive velocity is lower so that there is less energy lost and the viscoelastic resistance of the tissue in the movement decreases. The Coefficient of Determination, R2 between the model-responses and experimental curves in the extension was 0.96 < R2 < 0.99 and in flexion was 0.95 < R2 < 0.99. This modeling is capable of predicting the true performance of the components of passive knee movement and we can create a resistance mechanism in the rehabilitation equipment to perform knee joint movement. Quantitative measurements of two elastic coefficients of Time-independent and Time-dependent parts passive knee joint coefficients should be used for better accurate simulation the behavior of passive tissues in the knee which is not seen in other studies.

scholarly journals Ankle Muscle Activations during Different Foot-Strike Patterns in Running

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3422
Author(s):  
Jian-Zhi Lin ◽  
Wen-Yu Chiu ◽  
Wei-Hsun Tai ◽  
Yu-Xiang Hong ◽  
Chung-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Ankle Muscle ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Muscle Activations

This study analysed the landing performance and muscle activity of athletes in forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) patterns. Ten male college participants were asked to perform two foot strikes patterns, each at a running speed of 6 km/h. Three inertial sensors and five EMG sensors as well as one 24 G accelerometer were synchronised to acquire joint kinematics parameters as well as muscle activation, respectively. In both the FFS and RFS patterns, according to the intraclass correlation coefficient, excellent reliability was found for landing performance and muscle activation. Paired t tests indicated significantly higher ankle plantar flexion in the FFS pattern. Moreover, biceps femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) activation increased in the pre-stance phase of the FFS compared with that of RFS. The FFS pattern had significantly decreased tibialis anterior (TA) muscle activity compared with the RFS pattern during the pre-stance phase. The results demonstrated that the ankle strategy focused on controlling the foot strike pattern. The influence of the FFS pattern on muscle activity likely indicates that an athlete can increase both BF and GM muscles activity. Altered landing strategy in cases of FFS pattern may contribute both to the running efficiency and muscle activation of the lower extremity. Therefore, neuromuscular training and education are required to enable activation in dynamic running tasks.

scholarly journals IMU-Based Effects Assessment of the Use of Foot Orthoses in the Stance Phase during Running and Asymmetry between Extremities

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3277
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Florenciano Restoy ◽  
Jordi Solé-Casals ◽  
Xantal Borràs-Boix
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Foot Kinematics ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Movement Differences

The objectives of this study were to determine the amplitude of movement differences and asymmetries between feet during the stance phase and to evaluate the effects of foot orthoses (FOs) on foot kinematics in the stance phase during running. In total, 40 males were recruited (age: 43.0 ± 13.8 years, weight: 72.0 ± 5.5 kg, height: 175.5 ± 7.0 cm). Participants ran on a running treadmill at 2.5 m/s using their own footwear, with and without the FOs. Two inertial sensors fixed on the instep of each of the participant’s footwear were used. Amplitude of movement along each axis, contact time and number of steps were considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the movement in the sagittal plane is symmetric, but that it is not in the frontal and transverse planes. The right foot displayed more degrees of movement amplitude than the left foot although these differences are only significant in the abduction case. When FOs are used, a decrease in amplitude of movement in the three axes is observed, except for the dorsi-plantar flexion in the left foot and both feet combined. The contact time and the total step time show a significant increase when FOs are used, but the number of steps is not altered, suggesting that FOs do not interfere in running technique. The reduction in the amplitude of movement would indicate that FOs could be used as a preventive tool. The FOs do not influence the asymmetry of the amplitude of movement observed between feet, and this risk factor is maintained. IMU devices are useful tools to detect risk factors related to running injuries. With its use, even more personalized FOs could be manufactured.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Ankle Mobility Loss in Patients Undergoing Subtalar Arthrodesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0011
Author(s):  
Tiago S. Baumfeld ◽  
Roberto Zambelli de A. Pinto ◽  
Fernando Araujo S. Lopes ◽  
Daniel Baumfeld ◽  
Camilo Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Lower Range ◽  
Open Chain ◽  
Subtalar Arthrodesis ◽  
Closed Chain ◽  
Ankle Mobility ◽  
Dorsal Flexion

Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Objective: To evaluate and quantify the loss of ankle mobility in patients undergoing subtalar arthrodesis compared to the contralateral side, through physical examination. Methods: A total of 12 patients who had only the subtalar arthrodesis procedure from various causes in one foot were selected. The same foot and ankle surgeon performed all measurements of bilateral tibiotarsal range of motion, with loaded closed-chain and unloaded open-chain tests. Then, to assess whether there was a difference between the operated and the non-operated side, statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney test (Hollander and Wolfe 1999). Results: On the loaded closed-chain test, the operated side had a significantly lower range of motion than the contralateral side, with a mean difference of 5.4 degrees for dorsal flexion and 7.6 degrees for plantar flexion. The open-chain tests showed non- significant differences of 3 degrees for dorsal flexion and 5.3 degrees for plantar flexion. Conclusion: Subtalar joint arthrodesis was shown to cause a loss of mobility in the ipsilateral ankle, which is greater in plantar flexion movement.

Kinematic Coordination in Human Gait: Relation to Mechanical Energy Cost

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 2155-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bianchi ◽  
D. Angelini ◽  
G. P. Orani ◽  
F. Lacquaniti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Direction Cosine ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Plane Orientation

Bianchi, L., D. Angelini, G. P. Orani, and F. Lacquaniti. Kinematic coordination in human gait: relation to mechanical energy cost. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2155–2170, 1998. Twenty-four subjects walked at different, freely chosen speeds ( V) ranging from 0.4 to 2.6 m s−1, while the motion and the ground reaction forces were recorded in three-dimensional space. We considered the time course of the changes of the angles of elevation of the trunk, pelvis, thigh, shank, and foot in the sagittal plane. These angles specify the orientation of each segment with respect to the vertical and to the direction of forward progression. The changes of the trunk and pelvis angles are of limited amplitude and reflect the dynamics of both right and left lower limbs. The changes of the thigh, shank, and foot elevation are ample, and they are coupled tightly among each other. When these angles are plotted one versus the others, they describe regular loops constrained on a plane. The plane of angular covariation rotates, slightly but systematically, along the long axis of the gait loop with increasing V. The rotation, quantified by the change of the direction cosine of the normal to the plane with the thigh axis ( u 3 t ), is related to a progressive phase shift between the foot elevation and the shank elevation with increasing V. As a next step in the analysis, we computed the mass-specific mean absolute power ( P u ) to obtain a global estimate of the rate at which mechanical work is performed during the gait cycle. When plotted on logarithmic coordinates, P u increases linearly with V. The slope of this relationship varies considerably across subjects, spanning a threefold range. We found that, at any given V > 1 m s−1, the value of the plane orientation ( u 3 t ) is correlated with the corresponding value of the net mechanical power ( P u ). On the average, the progressive rotation of the plane with increasing V is associated with a reduction of the increment of P u that would occur if u 3 t remained constant at the value characteristic of low V. The specific orientation of the plane at any given speed is not the same in all subjects, but there is an orderly shift of the plane orientation that correlates with the net power expended by each subject. In general, smaller values of u 3 t tend to be associated with smaller values of P u and vice versa. We conclude that the parametric tuning of the plane of angular covariation is a reliable predictor of the mechanical energy expenditure of each subject and could be used by the nervous system for limiting the overall energy expenditure.

Dynamic model of underwater snake-like robot using Kane’s method

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Yang ◽  
Xu-yang Wang ◽  
Tong Ge ◽  
Chao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Kane’S Method ◽  
Kane's Method

scholarly journals Evaluation of Strength and Irradiated Movement Pattern Resulting from Trunk Motions of the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Bahia Gontijo ◽  
Polianna Delfino Pereira ◽  
Camila Danielle Cunha Neves ◽  
Ana Paula Santos ◽  
Dionis de Castro Dutra Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation ◽  
Muscular Activation ◽  
Flexion And Extension ◽  
Regional Muscle ◽  
Dorsal Flexion

Introduction. The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a physiotherapeutic concept based on muscle and joint proprioceptive stimulation. Among its principles, the irradiation is the reaction of the distinct regional muscle contractions to the position of the application of the motions.Objective. To investigate the presence of irradiated dorsiflexion and plantar flexion and the existing strength generated by them during application of PNF trunk motions.Methods. The study was conducted with 30 sedentary and female volunteers, the PNF motions of trunk flexion, and extension with the foot (right and left) positioned in a developed equipment coupled to the load cell, which measured the strength irradiated in Newton.Results. Most of the volunteers irradiated dorsal flexion in the performance of the flexion and plantar flexion during the extension motion, both presenting an average force of 8.942 N and 10.193 N, respectively.Conclusion. The distal irradiation in lower limbs became evident, reinforcing the therapeutic actions to the PNF indirect muscular activation.

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