scholarly journals Do Trade and Investment Agreements Promote Foreign Direct Investment within Latin America? Evidence from a Structural Gravity Model

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1882
Author(s):  
Marta Bengoa ◽  
Blanca Sanchez-Robles ◽  
Yochanan Shachmurove
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Investment Protection

Latin America has experienced a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last two decades, in parallel with the ratification of major regional trade agreements (RTAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs). This paper uses the latest developments in the structural gravity model theory to study if the co-existence of BITs and two major regional agreements, Mercosur and the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), exerts enhancing or overlapping effects on FDI for eleven countries in Latin America over the period 1995–2018. The study is novel as it accounts for variations in the degree of investment protection across BITs within Latin America by computing a quality index of BITs. It also explores the nature of interactions (enhancing/overlapping effects) between RTAs and BITs. The findings reveal that belonging to a well-established regional trade agreement, such as Mercosur, is significantly more effective than BITs in fostering intra-regional FDI. Phasing-in effects are large and significant and there is evidence of enhancing effects. Results within the bloc are heterogeneous: BITs exert a positive, but small effect, for middle income countries. However, BITs are not effective in attracting FDI in the case of middle to low income countries, unless these countries ratify BITs with a high degree of investment protection.

scholarly journals Developing obstetric medicine training in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Rojas-Suarez ◽  
Niza Suarez ◽  
Oier Ateka-Barrutia
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Obstetric Medicine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

Maternal mortality is an important indicator of health in populations around the world. The distribution of maternal mortality ratio globally shows that middle- and low-income countries have ∼99% of the mortality burden. Most countries of Latin America are considered to be middle- or low-income countries, as well as areas of major inequities among the different social classes. Medical problems in pregnancy remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this region. Previous data indicate the need for a call to action for adequate diagnosis and care of medical diseases in obstetric care. The impact of nonobstetric and medical pathologies on maternal mortality in Latin America is largely unknown. In Latin America, two educational initiatives have been proposed to improve skills in maternity care. The Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO®) was first started to address obstetric emergencies, and subsequently adapted for low-middle-income country settings as the Global ALSO®. In parallel, the Latin American obstetric anesthesia community has progressively focused on improvement of several intrapartum/intraoperative issues, which has secondarily taken them to embrace the obstetric medicine area on interest and join the former initiatives. In the present review, we summarize the available data regarding medical morbidity and mortality in pregnancy in Latin America, as well as the challenges, achievements, issues, initiatives, and future directions encouraging maternal health educators, health care trainers, and physicians in middle- and low-income countries, such as many Latin American ones, to improve and/or change attitudes, if needed, on current clinical practice.

A Different Kind of Investor?

2014 ◽  
pp. 417-433
Author(s):  
Gayle Allard
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Resource Intensity ◽  
Chinese Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Latin American Countries

After decades of limited contact, China's influence in Latin America has soared in the early part of the 21st century. China's presence in Latin America holds potential for transforming regional economies in positive and negative ways. This chapter describes Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Latin America, explores its implications, and tests whether Chinese FDI differs from global FDI in Latin America regarding corruption and resource intensity. It finds that Chinese FDI is more closely associated with countries that are more resource-abundant and are ranked as more corrupt. This could have negative implications for Latin American countries and their development as China expands.

scholarly journals The Impact of Renewable Energy, Urbanization and Environmental Sustainability Ratings on the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13747
Author(s):  
Chi-Hui Wang ◽  
Prasad Padmanabhan ◽  
Chia-Hsing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Per Capita

The impacts of renewable energy adoption and environmental sustainability ratings on the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis are examined using annual balanced panel data from 64 middle and low-income countries and spanning the 2005 –2014 period. We show that the GDP per capita/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an inverse S curve for the full sample of low and middle-income countries and for each subsample. The renewable energy/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an inverse N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, but a V curve for the low-income sample. The foreign direct investment net inflows/CO2 emissions per capita relationship is an N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, and a positive relationship in the low-income subsample. High levels of government environmental sustainability ratings in low-income countries with relatively higher incomes can attract foreign direct investment net inflows while reducing pollution. In contrast, middle-income countries with high environmental sustainability ratings can attract foreign direct investment net inflows only if they allow small increases in pollution.

scholarly journals Corporate Income Tax Rate and Foreign Direct Investment: A Cross-Country Empirical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Amalia Indah Sujarwati ◽  
Riatu Mariatul Qibthiyyah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to explore the impact of Corporate Income Tax Rate (CITR) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), specified based on income levels of countries. Using an unbalanced fixed-effect method of 112 countries over the period of 2003–2017, our finding shows that CITR has no significant impact on FDI. Corporate Income Tax (CIT) is levied on all firms, and as CIT is generally more complex than other types of taxes, its influences on FDI are in question. Excluding tax havens from the sample, our findings show that CITR has a weak significance only in the lower-middle-income and low-income countries.

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