scholarly journals Airborne LiDAR Point Cloud Processing for Archaeology. Pipeline and QGIS Toolbox

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3225
Author(s):  
Benjamin Štular ◽  
Stefan Eichert ◽  
Edisa Lozić
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Point Cloud Processing ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data

The use of topographic airborne LiDAR data has become an essential part of archaeological prospection. However, as a step towards theoretically aware, impactful, and reproducible research, a more rigorous and transparent method of data processing is required. To this end, we set out to create a processing pipeline for archaeology-specific point cloud processing and derivation of products that are optimized for general-purpose data. The proposed pipeline improves on ground and building point cloud classification. The main area of innovation in the proposed pipeline is raster grid interpolation. We have improved the state-of-the-art by introducing a hybrid interpolation technique that combines inverse distance weighting with a triangulated irregular network with linear interpolation. State-of-the-art solutions for enhanced visualizations are included and essential metadata and paradata are also generated. In addition, we have introduced a QGIS plug-in that implements the pipeline as a one-step process. It reduces the manual workload by 75 to 90 percent and requires no special skills other than a general familiarity with the QGIS environment. It is intended that the pipeline and tool will contribute to the white-boxing of archaeology-specific airborne LiDAR data processing. In discussion, the role of data processing in the knowledge production process is explored.

scholarly journals Documentation of Archaeology-Specific Workflow for Airborne LiDAR Data Processing

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Edisa Lozić ◽  
Benjamin Štular
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Hard Data ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Archaeological Interpretation ◽  
Point Cloud Processing ◽  
Data Acquisition And Processing ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data

Airborne LiDAR is a widely accepted tool for archaeological prospection. Over the last decade an archaeology-specific data processing workflow has been evolving, ranging from raw data acquisition and processing, point cloud processing and product derivation to archaeological interpretation, dissemination and archiving. Currently, though, there is no agreement on the specific steps or terminology. This workflow is an interpretative knowledge production process that must be documented as such to ensure the intellectual transparency and accountability required for evidence-based archaeological interpretation. However, this is rarely the case, and there are no accepted schemas, let alone standards, to do so. As a result, there is a risk that the data processing steps of the workflow will be accepted as a black box process and its results as “hard data”. The first step in documenting a scientific process is to define it. Therefore, this paper provides a critical review of existing archaeology-specific workflows for airborne LiDAR-derived topographic data processing, resulting in an 18-step workflow with consistent terminology. Its novelty and significance lies in the fact that the existing comprehensive studies are outdated and the newer ones focus on selected aspects of the workflow. Based on the updated workflow, a good practice example for its documentation is presented.

scholarly journals An Efficient and General Framework for Aerial Point Cloud Classification in Urban Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1985
Author(s):  
Emre Özdemir ◽  
Fabio Remondino ◽  
Alessandro Golkar
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Point Cloud Processing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Point Cloud Classification ◽  
And Training

With recent advances in technologies, deep learning is being applied more and more to different tasks. In particular, point cloud processing and classification have been studied for a while now, with various methods developed. Some of the available classification approaches are based on specific data source, like LiDAR, while others are focused on specific scenarios, like indoor. A general major issue is the computational efficiency (in terms of power consumption, memory requirement, and training/inference time). In this study, we propose an efficient framework (named TONIC) that can work with any kind of aerial data source (LiDAR or photogrammetry) and does not require high computational power while achieving accuracy on par with the current state of the art methods. We also test our framework for its generalization ability, showing capabilities to learn from one dataset and predict on unseen aerial scenarios.

scholarly journals INTEGRATING SMARTPHONE IMAGES AND AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA FOR COMPLETE URBAN BUILDING MODELLING

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 741-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenman Zhang ◽  
Jie Shan ◽  
Zhichao Zhang ◽  
Jixing Yan ◽  
Yaolin Hou
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Image Point ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data ◽  
Building Reconstruction

A complete building model reconstruction needs data collected from both air and ground. The former often has sparse coverage on building façades, while the latter usually is unable to observe the building rooftops. Attempting to solve the missing data issues in building reconstruction from single data source, we describe an approach for complete building reconstruction that integrates airborne LiDAR data and ground smartphone imagery. First, by taking advantages of GPS and digital compass information embedded in the image metadata of smartphones, we are able to find airborne LiDAR point clouds for the corresponding buildings in the images. In the next step, Structure-from-Motion and dense multi-view stereo algorithms are applied to generate building point cloud from multiple ground images. The third step extracts building outlines respectively from the LiDAR point cloud and the ground image point cloud. An automated correspondence between these two sets of building outlines allows us to achieve a precise registration and combination of the two point clouds, which ultimately results in a complete and full resolution building model. The developed approach overcomes the problem of sparse points on building façades in airborne LiDAR and the deficiency of rooftops in ground images such that the merits of both datasets are utilized.

scholarly journals INTEGRATING SMARTPHONE IMAGES AND AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA FOR COMPLETE URBAN BUILDING MODELLING

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 741-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenman Zhang ◽  
Jie Shan ◽  
Zhichao Zhang ◽  
Jixing Yan ◽  
Yaolin Hou
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Image Point ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Building Facades ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data ◽  
Building Reconstruction

A complete building model reconstruction needs data collected from both air and ground. The former often has sparse coverage on building façades, while the latter usually is unable to observe the building rooftops. Attempting to solve the missing data issues in building reconstruction from single data source, we describe an approach for complete building reconstruction that integrates airborne LiDAR data and ground smartphone imagery. First, by taking advantages of GPS and digital compass information embedded in the image metadata of smartphones, we are able to find airborne LiDAR point clouds for the corresponding buildings in the images. In the next step, Structure-from-Motion and dense multi-view stereo algorithms are applied to generate building point cloud from multiple ground images. The third step extracts building outlines respectively from the LiDAR point cloud and the ground image point cloud. An automated correspondence between these two sets of building outlines allows us to achieve a precise registration and combination of the two point clouds, which ultimately results in a complete and full resolution building model. The developed approach overcomes the problem of sparse points on building façades in airborne LiDAR and the deficiency of rooftops in ground images such that the merits of both datasets are utilized.

scholarly journals Aerial LiDAR Data Augmentation for Direct Point-Cloud Visualisation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2089
Author(s):  
Ciril Bohak ◽  
Matej Slemenik ◽  
Jaka Kordež ◽  
Matija Marolt
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Processing Pipeline ◽  
Point Cloud Processing ◽  
Water Surfaces ◽  
Building Walls ◽  
Acquisition Technique

Direct point-cloud visualisation is a common approach for visualising large datasets of aerial terrain LiDAR scans. However, because of the limitations of the acquisition technique, such visualisations often lack the desired visual appeal and quality, mostly because certain types of objects are incomplete or entirely missing (e.g., missing water surfaces, missing building walls and missing parts of the terrain). To improve the quality of direct LiDAR point-cloud rendering, we present a point-cloud processing pipeline that uses data fusion to augment the data with additional points on water surfaces, building walls and terrain through the use of vector maps of water surfaces and building outlines. In the last step of the pipeline, we also add colour information, and calculate point normals for illumination of individual points to make the final visualisation more visually appealing. We evaluate our approach on several parts of the Slovenian LiDAR dataset.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF LiDAR DATA WITH POINT BASED CLASSIFICATION METHODS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Yastikli ◽  
Z. Cetin
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Point Cloud Data ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Rule Sets

LiDAR is one of the most effective systems for 3 dimensional (3D) data collection in wide areas. Nowadays, airborne LiDAR data is used frequently in various applications such as object extraction, 3D modelling, change detection and revision of maps with increasing point density and accuracy. The classification of the LiDAR points is the first step of LiDAR data processing chain and should be handled in proper way since the 3D city modelling, building extraction, DEM generation, etc. applications directly use the classified point clouds. The different classification methods can be seen in recent researches and most of researches work with the gridded LiDAR point cloud. In grid based data processing of the LiDAR data, the characteristic point loss in the LiDAR point cloud especially vegetation and buildings or losing height accuracy during the interpolation stage are inevitable. In this case, the possible solution is the use of the raw point cloud data for classification to avoid data and accuracy loss in gridding process. In this study, the point based classification possibilities of the LiDAR point cloud is investigated to obtain more accurate classes. The automatic point based approaches, which are based on hierarchical rules, have been proposed to achieve ground, building and vegetation classes using the raw LiDAR point cloud data. In proposed approaches, every single LiDAR point is analyzed according to their features such as height, multi-return, etc. then automatically assigned to the class which they belong to. The use of un-gridded point cloud in proposed point based classification process helped the determination of more realistic rule sets. The detailed parameter analyses have been performed to obtain the most appropriate parameters in the rule sets to achieve accurate classes. The hierarchical rule sets were created for proposed Approach 1 (using selected spatial-based and echo-based features) and Approach 2 (using only selected spatial-based features) and have been tested in the study area in Zekeriyaköy, Istanbul which includes the partly open areas, forest areas and many types of the buildings. The data set used in this research obtained from Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality which was collected with ‘Riegl LSM-Q680i’ full-waveform laser scanner with the density of 16 points/m2. The proposed automatic point based Approach 1 and Approach 2 classifications successfully produced the ground, building and vegetation classes which were very similar although different features were used.

scholarly journals EFFICIENT LIDAR POINT CLOUD DATA MANAGING AND PROCESSING IN A HADOOP-BASED DISTRIBUTED FRAMEWORK

2017 ◽  
Vol IV-4/W2 ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
F. Hu ◽  
D. Sha ◽  
X. Han
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
City Management ◽  
Point Cloud Data ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Point Cloud Processing ◽  
Distributed Framework ◽  
3D Lidar ◽  
Parallel Fashion

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most promising technologies in surveying and mapping，city management, forestry, object recognition, computer vision engineer and others. However, it is challenging to efficiently storage, query and analyze the high-resolution 3D LiDAR data due to its volume and complexity. In order to improve the productivity of Lidar data processing, this study proposes a Hadoop-based framework to efficiently manage and process LiDAR data in a distributed and parallel manner, which takes advantage of Hadoop’s storage and computing ability. At the same time, the Point Cloud Library (PCL), an open-source project for 2D/3D image and point cloud processing, is integrated with HDFS and MapReduce to conduct the Lidar data analysis algorithms provided by PCL in a parallel fashion. The experiment results show that the proposed framework can efficiently manage and process big LiDAR data.

Airborne LiDAR Data Processing

2016 ◽  
pp. 249-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Mallet ◽  
Nesrine Chehata ◽  
Jean-Stéphane Bailly
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data
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