ABSTRACTIn clinical trials, HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effectively lower plasma viremia and delay virus reemergence after antiretroviral treatment is stopped among infected individuals that have undetectable virus levels. Presence of less neutralization susceptible strains prior to treatment, however, decreases the efficacy of these antibody-based treatments. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein harbors extensive genetic variation, and thus, neutralization sensitivity often cannot be predicted by sequence analysis alone. Sequence-based prediction methods are needed because phenotypic-based assays are labor intensive and not sensitive. Based on the finding that phenotypically confirmed CXCR4- as compared to exclusive CCR5-utilizing strains are less neutralization sensitive, especially to variable loop 1 and 2 (V1-V2) and V3 loop bnAbs, we show that an algorithm that predicts receptor usage identifies envelopes with decreased V3 loop bnAb susceptibility. Homology modeling suggests that the primary V3 loop bnAb epitope is equally accessible among CCR5- and CXCR4-using strains although variants that exclusively use CXCR4 have V3 loop protrusions that interfere with CCR5 receptor interactions. On the other hand, homology modeling also shows that envelope V1 loop orientation interferes with V3 loop directed bnAb binding, and this accounts for decreased neutralization sensitivity in some but not all cases. Thus, there are likely different structural reasons for the co-receptor usage restriction and the differential bnAb susceptibility. Algorithms that use sequence data to predict receptor usage and antibody-envelope homology models can be used to identify variants with decreased sensitivity to V3 loop and potentially other bnAbs.AUTHOR SUMMARYHIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) therapies are effective, but the pre-existence of less susceptible variants may lead to therapeutic failure. Sequence-based methods are needed to predict pre-treatment variants’ neutralization sensitivity. HIV-1 strains that use the CXCR4 as compared to the CCR5 receptor are less neutralization susceptible, especially to V1-V2 and V3 loop bnAbs. A sequence-based algorithm that predicts receptor usage can identify envelope variants with decreased V3 loop bnAb susceptibility. While the inability to utilize the CCR5 receptor maps to a predicted protrusion in the envelope V3 loop, this viral determinant does not directly influence V3 loop bnAb sensitivity. Furthermore, homology modeling predicted contact between the envelope V1 loop and an antibody also impact V3 loop bnAb susceptibility in some but not all cases. An algorithm that predicts receptor usage and homology modeling can be used to predict sensitivity to bnAbs that target the V3 loop and potentially other envelope domains. These sequence-based methods will be useful as HIV-1 bnAbs enter the clinical arena.
T = 4 Icosahedral HIV-1 Capsid As an Immunogenic Vector for HIV-1 V3 Loop Epitope Display
