Detection of a Reassortant H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus with Intercontinental Gene Segments in a Resident Australian Chestnut Teal

The present study reports the genetic characterization of a low-pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus, initially from a pool and subsequently from individual faecal samples collected from Chestnut teals (Anas castanea) in southeastern Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of six full gene segments and two partial gene segments obtained from next-generation sequencing showed that this avian influenza virus, A/Chestnut teal/Australia/CT08.18/12952/2018 (H9N2), was a typical, low-pathogenicity, Eurasian aquatic bird lineage H9N2 virus, albeit containing the North American lineage nucleoprotein (NP) gene segment detected previously in Australian wild birds. This is the first report of a H9N2 avian influenza virus in resident wild birds in Australia, and although not in itself a cause of concern, is a clear indication of spillover and likely reassortment of influenza viruses between migratory and resident birds, and an indication that any lineage could potentially be introduced in this way.

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Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus H10–H12 Subtypes Isolated from Wild Birds in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2019

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12101085 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1085

Author(s):

Ling Tang ◽

Wangjun Tang ◽

Le Ming ◽

Jianming Gu ◽

Kai Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

North American ◽

Large Scale ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Wild Birds ◽

The North ◽

Routine Surveillance ◽

Eurasian Lineage

H10, H11 and H12 (H10–H12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (AIV) are associated with waterfowl. Although these subtypes of AIV are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other AIV subtypes. Few H10–H12 subtypes of AIV have been isolated from wild birds in China. In this study, 12 AIV isolates of H10–H12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2019, including two H10, three H11 and seven H12 isolates. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genomic segments of the 12 isolates are highly diverse. These 12 isolates are closely related to those in the Eurasian lineage and share a high degree of sequence identity with those from wild birds and domestic ducks in countries in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, including Japan, Korea, Bangladesh, Vietnam and China. However, parts of the genomic segments of two H12N2 isolates (NH112319-H12N2 and NH101807-H12N2) belong to the North American lineage, suggesting intercontinental reassortment among H12 AIVs in Eurasia and North American. To better understand the ecological and phylodynamic features of H10–H12 subtypes in wild birds, a large-scale surveillance of AIVs in wild birds is warranted.

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A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11070620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 620 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

T(homas). P. Peacock ◽

Joe James ◽

Joshua E. Sealy ◽

Munir Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Host Range ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Global Spread

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.

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Overview of the Epidemiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2018

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections ◽

10.21055/0370-1069-2019-1-42-49 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 42-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Yu. Marchenko ◽

N. I. Goncharova ◽

V. A. Evseenko ◽

I. M. Susloparov ◽

E. V. Gavrilova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Avian Flu ◽

H9n2 Influenza Virus ◽

Epidemiological Situation

Analyzed was modern epidemiological situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in 2018. Prognosis for possible further distribution of viruses in the territory of Russia was made. In 2018, the situation on highly pathogenic avian flu in Russia was challenging. This was due to the spread of the viruses clade 2.3.4.4, which caused multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry in European part of Russia. In addition, A/H5N6 avian influenza virus circulation was for the first time detected in the Saratov Region during routine avian influenza virus surveillance. In May, 2018 two different lineages of avian influenza A/H9N2 were isolated during the outbreaks that occurred at several poultry plants in Primorsk Territory and Amur Region of Russia. Subsequently, that virus subtype continued spreading in Russia, which was recorded by detection of the A/H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in the Khabarovsk and Tomsk Regions of Russia. Thus, it is shown yet again that the territory of Russia plays an important geographical role in the spread of avian influenza viruses.

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Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/v10181-011-0150-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. Śmietanka ◽

Z. Minta ◽

R. Włodarczyk ◽

K. Wyrostek ◽

M. Jóźwiak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Cleavage Site ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Amino Acid Motif

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds at the Jeziorsko reservoir in Poland in 2008-2010 During a 3-year surveillance study for avian influenza virus (AIV) infections at the Jeziorsko reservoir in central Poland, 549 oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs from 366 birds of 14 species belonging to 3 orders (Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and Gruiformes) were tested. AIV was detected in 14 birds (3.8%): Common Teals (12x), Mallard (1x) and Garganey (1x). Three potentially dangerous H5 AIV were detected in Common Teals (2x) and Garganey (1x) but all of them revealed a low pathogenic pathotype. A unique cleavage site amino acid motif PQREIR*GLF was found in one H5 isolate from a Garganey.

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A reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus originating from the wildbird-origin H5N6 and the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses in Xinjiang, China

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6532 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (06) ◽

pp. 6532-2021

Author(s):

QIAN ZHANG ◽

XINDI MEI ◽

CHENG ZHANG ◽

FEI DU ◽

NANA CHANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Sequence Identity ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

The asian lineage of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is the most prevalent in the world, and the co-existence of H5, H7, and H9 viruses provide an opportunity to generate some novel reassortants. Herein we report our isolation of two H5N6 virus strains (named XJ-H5N6) from domestic geese in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Urumqi during the winter of 2016-2017, and analysis of the viral genetic mutations, pathogenicity, reassortant, and origin. BLAST analysis revealed that the HA, NA, MP, NP, and NS of XJ-H5N6 had the highest sequence identity (98.5-99.5%) with those 5 genes from H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) isolated from wild birds in Ningxia (NX-WB-H5N6); the viral PA and PB1 had the highest sequence identity (98.6% and 98.9%) with those 2 genes from HPAIV strain A/Environment/Chongqing/45373/2015 (H5N6) (CQ-EN-H5N6); while the viral PB2 had the highest sequence identity (99.0%) with this gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) strain A/environment/Jiangsu/01.20 TCCX004/2015 (H9N2). Except for the PB2, phylogenetic analysis showed that the other 7 viral genes were clustered together with NX-WB-H5N6 and CQ-EN-H5N6, while the viral PB2 was clustered together with the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses. The viral HA protein contained multiple basic amino acid residues (RRRKR/GL) at the cleavage site which represents HPAIV. Additionally, the viral multiple mutations could enhance the viral virulence and the capacity of cross-species transmission. Our data indicate that XJ-H5N6 has been generated by the reassortant of H5N6 HPAIV from wild birds in Ningxia and H9N2/H7N9 LPAIV in poultry. The results of this study may help us understand the viral adaptation and transmission patterns from wild birds to poultry.

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A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

10.20944/preprints201906.0085.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thomas Peacock ◽

Joe James ◽

Joshua E. Sealy ◽

Munir Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Host Range ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Global Spread

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in effected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.

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