AbstractTicks are strict hematophagous arthropods and are the most important vectors of pathogens affecting both domestic and wild animals worldwide. Moreover, they are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human pathogens. Hard tick feeding is a slow process—taking up to several days for repletion prior to detachment—and necessitates extended control over the host response. The success of the feeding process depends upon injection of saliva by tick, which not only controls host haemostasis and wound healing, but also subverts the host immune response to avoid tick rejection during this long-lasting process. In turn, the manipulation of the host immune response creates a favourable niche for the survival and propagation of diverse tick-borne pathogens transmitted during feeding. Here, we report on the molecular and biochemical features and functions of IrSPI, an Ixodes ricinus salivary serine protease inhibitor involved in blood meal acquisition. Our results show that IrSPI harbours the typical conformational fold of Kunitz type I serine protease inhibitors and that it functionally inhibits the elastase and, to a lesser extent, chymotrypsin. We also show that IrSPI is injected into the host during feeding. Crucially, we found that IrSPI has no impact on tissue factor pathway-induced coagulation, fibrinolysis, apoptosis, or angiogenesis, but a strong effect on immune cells. IrSPI affects antigen-presenting macrophages by hampering IL-5 production. In addition, IrSPI represses proliferation of mitogen-stimulated CD4+ cells. The inhibition of T cell proliferation was associated with marked reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Our study contributes valuable knowledge to tick-host interactions and provides insights that could be further exploited to design anti-tick vaccines targeting this immunomodulator implicated in successful I. ricinus tick feeding.Author summaryTicks are the most important vector influencing both human and animal health in Europe, where Ixodes ricinus is the most abundant tick species. Ticks feed on animal or human blood for an extended period, during which their saliva allows both feeding and pathogen transmission by interfering with native host responses. A better understanding of tick-host-pathogen interactions is central to the discovery of improved control methods. Within this context, we previously identified IrSPI as an I. ricinus salivary molecule implicated in both tick feeding and bacterial transmission. This serine protease inhibitor was almost characterised as an elastase inhibitor, and here, we show IrSPI overexpression in several tick organs—especially salivary glands—during blood feeding. We demonstrate that IrSPI is injected into the host through saliva, and despite having no impact on endothelial cell angiogenesis or apoptosis during blood feeding, we report an immunomodulatory role, whereby CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation is repressed and where the cytokine secretion pattern of both splenocytes and macrophages is modified. Our study provides new insights into the complex armament developed by ticks to overcome the host response, and uncovers a potential vaccine target for disruption of feeding processes and pathogen transmission.
Failed Disruption of Tick Feeding, Viability, and Molting after Immunization of Mice and Sheep with Recombinant Ixodes ricinus Salivary Proteins IrSPI and IrLip1