scholarly journals Vertebrate Responses against Arthropod Salivary Proteins and Their Therapeutic Potential

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Olayinka Olajiga ◽  
Andrés F. Holguin-Rocha ◽  
Meagan Rippee-Brooks ◽  
Megan Eppler ◽  
Shanice L. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Hematophagous Arthropods

The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains a group of active proteins to counteract host responses against injury and to facilitate the success of a bloodmeal. These salivary proteins have significant impacts on modulating pathogen transmission, immunogenicity expression, the establishment of infection, and even disease severity. Recent studies have shown that several salivary proteins are immunogenic and antibodies against them may block infection, thereby suggesting potential vaccine candidates. Here, we discuss the most relevant salivary proteins currently studied for their therapeutic potential as vaccine candidates or to control the transmission of human vector-borne pathogens and immune responses against different arthropod salivary proteins.

scholarly journals Failed Disruption of Tick Feeding, Viability, and Molting after Immunization of Mice and Sheep with Recombinant Ixodes ricinus Salivary Proteins IrSPI and IrLip1

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Consuelo Almazán ◽  
Lisa Fourniol ◽  
Sabine Rakotobe ◽  
Ladislav Šimo ◽  
Jérémie Bornères ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Tick Feeding ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Potential Vaccine

To identify potential vaccine candidates against Ixodes ricinus and tick-borne pathogen transmission, we have previously sequenced the salivary gland transcriptomes of female ticks infected or not with Bartonella henselae. The hypothesized potential of both IrSPI (I. ricinus serine protease inhibitor) and IrLip1 (I. ricinus lipocalin 1) as protective antigens decreasing tick feeding and/or the transmission of tick-borne pathogens was based on their presumed involvement in dampening the host immune response to tick feeding. Vaccine endpoints included tick larval and nymphal mortality, feeding, and molting in mice and sheep. Whether the antigens were administered individually or in combination, the vaccination of mice or sheep elicited a potent antigen-specific antibody response. However, and contrary to our expectations, vaccination failed to afford protection against the infestation of mice and sheep by I. ricinus nymphs and larvae, respectively. Rather, vaccination with IrSPI and IrLip1 appeared to enhance tick engorgement and molting and decrease tick mortality. To the best of our knowledge, these observations represent the first report of induction of vaccine-mediated enhancement in relation to anti-tick vaccination.

scholarly journals Molecular and Immunogenic Properties of Apyrase SP01B and D7-Related SP04 Recombinant Salivary Proteins ofPhlebotomus perniciosusfrom Madrid, Spain

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Martín-Martín ◽  
Ricardo Molina ◽  
Maribel Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cdna Sequences ◽  
Immunogenic Properties ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Sand fly salivary proteins are on the spotlight to become vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis and to markers of exposure to sand fly bites due to the host immune responses they elicit. Working with the whole salivary homogenate entails serious drawbacks such as the need for maintaining sand fly colonies and the laborious task of glands dissection. In order to overcome these difficulties, producing recombinant proteins of different vectors has become a major task. In this study, a cDNA library was constructed with the salivary glands ofPhlebotomus perniciosusfrom Madrid, Spain, the most widespread vector ofLeishmania infantumin the Mediterranean basin. Analysis of the cDNA sequences showed several polymorphisms among the previously described salivary transcripts. The apyrase SP01B and the D7-related protein SP04 were successfully cloned, expressed inEscherichia coli, and purified. Besides, recombinant proteins were recognized by sera of hamsters and mice previously immunized with saliva through the exposure to uninfected sand fly bites. These results suggest that these two recombinant proteins conserved their immunogenic properties after expression in a prokaryote system. Therefore, this work contributes to expand the knowledge ofP. perniciosussaliva that would be eventually used for the development of tools for vector control programs.

Experimental ruminant models for bovine neosporosis: what is known and what is needed

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIO BENAVIDES ◽  
ESTHER COLLANTES-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
IGNACIO FERRE ◽  
VALENTÍN PÉREZ ◽  
CARLOS CAMPERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution

SUMMARYAt present, bovine neosporosis is an important worldwide concern because of its wide geographic distribution and economic impact. Abortion is the main clinical sign of bovine neosporosis in both dairy and beef cattle. Ruminant challenge models are critical to evaluate potential vaccine candidates to help tackle bovine neosporosis and to study pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Several research groups have developed ruminant models of Neospora caninum infection independently of others, resulting in a high degree of variability due to the use of different species of animals, breeds, strains/isolates of N. caninum, doses, routes and times of inoculation. Standardization is greatly needed to advance research in a more collaborative, timely and efficient manner. In the absence of widely accepted international guidelines, this manuscript serves to summarize and discuss the different models and parameters currently in use. Parameters essential for the development of non-pregnant and pregnant ruminant models are outlined and the main knowledge gaps are identified. This information could act as the basis to develop a consensus for international standard guidelines for ruminant models of neosporosis that would be helpful for researchers in this field worldwide.

scholarly journals Impacts of fungal entomopathogens on survival and immune responses of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens mosquitoes in the context of native Wolbachia infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0009984
Author(s):  
Jose L. Ramirez ◽  
Molly K. Schumacher ◽  
Geoff Ower ◽  
Debra E. Palmquist ◽  
Steven A. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

Microbial control of mosquitoes via the use of symbiotic or pathogenic microbes, such as Wolbachia and entomopathogenic fungi, are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides to tackle the rapid increase in insecticide resistance and vector-borne disease outbreaks. This study evaluated the susceptibility and host responses of two important mosquito vectors, Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens, that naturally carry Wolbachia, to infections by entomopathogenic fungi. Our study indicated that while Wolbachia presence did not provide a protective advantage against entomopathogenic fungal infection, it nevertheless influenced the bacterial / fungal load and the expression of select anti-microbial effectors and phenoloxidase cascade genes in mosquitoes. Furthermore, although host responses from Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens were mostly similar, we observed contrasting phenotypes with regards to susceptibility and immune responses to fungal entomopathogenic infection in these two mosquitoes. This study provides new insights into the intricate multipartite interaction between the mosquito host, its native symbiont and pathogenic microbes that might be employed to control mosquito populations.

scholarly journals Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Viglietta ◽  
Rachel Bellone ◽  
Adrien Albert Blisnick ◽  
Anna-Bella Failloux
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Specificity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Appropriate Practices ◽  
Large Distribution

More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.

Impact of influenza virus during pregnancy: from disease severity to vaccine efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 441-453
Author(s):  
Ana Vazquez-Pagan ◽  
Rebekah Honce ◽  
Stacey Schultz-Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Influenza ◽  
The Impact

Pregnant women are among the individuals at the highest risk for severe influenza virus infection. Infection of the mother during pregnancy increases the probability of adverse fetal outcomes such as small for gestational age, preterm birth and fetal death. Animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic mating can recapitulate the increased disease severity observed in pregnant women and are used to define the mechanism(s) of that increased severity. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis, the unique immunological landscape during pregnancy, the impact of maternal influenza virus infection on the fetus and the immune responses at the maternal–fetal interface. Finally, we summarize the importance of immunization and antiviral treatment in this population and highlight issues that warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Guilhem Lalle ◽  
Julie Twardowski ◽  
Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcriptional Activators ◽  
New Class ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cancer Outcome

The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.

scholarly journals CKD-506: A novel HDAC6-selective inhibitor that exerts therapeutic effects in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daekwon Bae ◽  
Ji-Young Lee ◽  
Nina Ha ◽  
Jinsol Park ◽  
Jiyeon Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractDespite advances in therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapy options remain limited with various adverse effects. Here, the therapeutic potential of CKD-506, a novel HDAC6-selective inhibitor, against MS was evaluated in mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 (MOG35–55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) under various treatment regimens. CKD-506 exerted prophylactic and therapeutic effects by regulating peripheral immune responses and maintaining blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. In MOG35–55-re-stimulated splenocytes, CKD-506 decreased proliferation and downregulated the expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A. CKD-506 downregulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood of EAE mice. Additionally, CKD-506 decreased the leakage of intravenously administered Evans blue into the spinal cord; CD4+ T cells and CD4−CD11b+CD45+ macrophage/microglia in the spinal cord was also decreased. Moreover, CKD-506 exhibited therapeutic efficacy against MS, even when drug administration was discontinued from day 15 post-EAE induction. Disease exacerbation was not observed when fingolimod was changed to CKD-506 from day 15 post-EAE induction. CKD-506 alleviated depression-like behavior at the pre-symptomatic stage of EAE. In conclusion, CKD-506 exerts therapeutic effects by regulating T cell- and macrophage-mediated peripheral immune responses and strengthening BBB integrity. Our results suggest that CKD-506 is a potential therapeutic agent for MS.

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