scholarly journals Attention Distribution While Detecting Conflicts between Converging Objects: An Eye-Tracking Study

Vision ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Yke Bauke Eisma ◽  
Anouk E. Looijestijn ◽  
Joost C. F. de Winter
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Fixation Rate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Update Rate ◽  
Study Participants

In many domains, including air traffic control, observers have to detect conflicts between moving objects. However, it is unclear what the effect of conflict angle is on observers’ conflict detection performance. In addition, it has been speculated that observers use specific viewing techniques while performing a conflict detection task, but evidence for this is lacking. In this study, participants (N = 35) observed two converging objects while their eyes were recorded. They were tasked to continuously indicate whether a conflict between the two objects was present. Independent variables were conflict angle (30, 100, 150 deg), update rate (discrete, continuous), and conflict occurrence. Results showed that 30 deg conflict angles yielded the best performance, and 100 deg conflict angles the worst. For 30 deg conflict angles, participants applied smooth pursuit while attending to the objects. In comparison, for 100 and especially 150 deg conflict angles, participants showed a high fixation rate and glances towards the conflict point. Finally, the continuous update rate was found to yield shorter fixation durations and better performance than the discrete update rate. In conclusion, shallow conflict angles yield the best performance, an effect that can be explained using basic perceptual heuristics, such as the ‘closer is first’ strategy. Displays should provide continuous rather than discrete update rates.

An analysis of relational complexity in an air traffic control conflict detection task

Ergonomics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (14) ◽  
pp. 1508-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Boag ◽  
Andrew Neal ◽  
Shayne Loft ◽  
Graeme S. Halford
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Relational Complexity

Inhibitory Tagging on Randomly Moving Objects

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Ogawa ◽  
Yuji Takeda ◽  
Akihiro Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Probe Detection ◽  
Focal Attention ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Tagging Effect

Inhibitory tagging is a process that prevents focal attention from revisiting previously checked items in inefficient searches, facilitating search performance. Recent studies suggested that inhibitory tagging is object rather than location based, but it was unclear whether inhibitory tagging operates on moving objects. The present study investigated the tagging effect on moving objects. Participants were asked to search for a moving target among randomly and independently moving distractors. After either efficient or inefficient search, participants performed a probe detection task that measured the inhibitory effect on search items. The inhibitory effect on distractors was observed only after inefficient searches. The present results support the concept of object-based inhibitory tagging.

Design of a conflict-detection air traffic control tool for the implementation of continuous climb operations: A case study at Palma TMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (13) ◽  
pp. 4839-4852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A Pérez-Castán ◽  
Fernando Gómez Comendador ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
Rocío Barragán ◽  
Rosa M Arnaldo-Valdés
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Conflict Detection ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Control Intervention ◽  
Static Approach ◽  
Operational Concept ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Tool

Continuous climb operation is an operational concept that allows airlines to perform an optimal departing trajectory avoiding air traffic control segregation requirements. This concept implies the design and integration of air traffic flows for the sake of safety performance. This paper designs a new conflict-detection air traffic control tool based on the blocking-area concept, characterises the conflict probability between air traffic flows and assesses the impact of continuous climb operation integration in a terminal manoeuvring area. In this paper, a conflict is set out by the infringement of vertical and longitudinal separation minima and coincides with the probability of air traffic control tool usage. Moreover, this research discusses two different approaches for the conflict-detection air traffic control tool: a static approach considering nominal continuous climb operations and landing trajectories, and a dynamic approach that assesses 105 continuous climb operations and landing trajectories. Finally, the air traffic control tool is implemented using Palma TMA data and proves that out of 11 intersections (between departing and landing routes), solely 4 generate vertical separation infringements. The conflict probability between continuous climb operations and arrivals is less than 10−5. Except for one intersection, that is roughly 10−2, similar to current air traffic control intervention designed levels. Therefore, results conclude the viability of the conflict-detection air traffic control tool and continuous climb operations integration.

A Neural Model of Smooth Pursuit Control and Motion Perception by Cortical Area MST

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Pack ◽  
Stephen Grossberg ◽  
Ennio Mingolla
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Optokinetic Reflex ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
Background Motion

Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) are eye rotations that are used to maintain fixation on a moving target. Such rotations complicate the interpretation of the retinal image, because they nullify the retinal motion of the target, while generating retinal motion of stationary objects in the background. This poses a problem for the oculomotor system, which must track the stabilized target image while suppressing the optokinetic reflex, which would move the eye in the direction of the retinal background motion (opposite to the direction in which the target is moving). Similarly, the perceptual system must estimate the actual direction and speed of moving objects in spite of the confounding effects of the eye rotation. This paper proposes a neural model to account for the ability of primates to accomplish these tasks. The model simulates the neurophysiological properties of cell types found in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey, specifically the medial superior temporal (MST) region. These cells process signals related to target motion, background motion, and receive an efference copy of eye velocity during pursuit movements. The model focuses on the interactions between cells in the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of MST, which are hypothesized to process target velocity and background motion, respectively. The model explains how these signals can be combined to explain behavioral data about pursuit maintenance and perceptual data from human studies, including the Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon and the Filehne Illusion, thereby clarifying the functional significance of neurophysiological data about these MST cell properties. It is suggested that the connectivity used in the model may represent a general strategy used by the brain in analyzing the visual world.

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