Faculty Opinions recommendation of Prevalence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome and its influence on survival in cirrhotic patients evaluated for liver transplantation.

Author(s):  
Oren Fix
2009 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Gonçalves de Macêdo ◽  
Edmundo Pessoa de Almeida Lopes

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a clinical threesome composed of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and arterial gas abnormalities. Its occurrence has been described in up to 32% of cirrhotic candidates for liver transplantation. It also affects non-cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Its pathogenesis is not well defined, but an association of factors such as imbalance in the endothelin receptor response, pulmonary microvascular remodeling and genetic predisposition is thought to lead to IPVD. Diagnosis is based on imaging methods that identify these dilatations, such as contrast echocardiography or perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc, as well as analysis of arterial gases to identify elevated alveolar-arterial differences in O2 or hypoxemia. There is no effective pharmacological treatment and complete resolution only occurs through liver transplantation. The importance of diagnosing HPS lies in prioritizing transplant candidates, since presence of HPS is associated with worse prognosis. The aim of this paper was to review the pathogenetic theories and current diagnostic criteria regarding HPS, and to critically analyze the prioritization of patients with HPS on the liver transplant waiting list. Searches were carried out in the Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed, Cochrane Library and Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) databases for articles published between January 2002 and December 2007 involving adults and written either in English or in Portuguese, using the term hepatopulmonary syndrome. The studies of greatest relevance were included in the review, along with text books and articles cited in references that were obtained through the review.


2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1391-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Pascasio ◽  
I. Grilo ◽  
F. J. López-Pardo ◽  
F. Ortega-Ruiz ◽  
J. L. Tirado ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Cláudia Debona Mocelin ◽  
Marina Ribeiro Rocha ◽  
Mariana Poltronieri Pacheco

Objetivo: Avaliar se a realização rotineira da gasometria arterial em todos os pacientes cirróticos pode ser substituída pela oximetria de pulso isolada para a triagem de SHP. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional, individuado e transversal do tipo inquérito, por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes do ambulatório de gastroenterologia e hepatologia do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, localizado na cidade de Vitória - ES, e por meio da análise da gasometria arterial destes pacientes. Como critérios para o diagnóstico de cirrose, foram utilizados a história clínica, o exame físico, a análise laboratorial e pelo menos um exame de imagem.  Resultados: A amostra teve 75,4% de homens, com etiologia alcoólica sendo mais prevalente (53%). A idade média foi de 54 anos, não tendo correlação com a PaO2 (p = 0,754) e com a AaO2 (p = 0,574). A prevalência de pacientes Child A foi de 88,2% e Child B de 11,8%. A maioria (88,2%) dos pacientes apresentaram gradiente AaO2 ≥ 20 mmHg, compatível com critério diagnóstico gasométrico de SHP. Discussão: Não foi observada correlação significativa entre a oxigenação sanguínea medida pela gasometria arterial e pela oximetria de pulso. Pacientes com PaO2 < 60 mmHg apresentaram SatO2 mínima de 93% e mediana de 97%, DP 2,2, comparado com mínima de 85% e mediana de 87%, DP 3,9,  nos pacientes com níveis ≥ 60 mmHg (p = 0,827). Portanto, nota-se que a SatO2 medida pela oximetria de pulso não é um bom parâmetro para triagem de SHP nos pacientes cirróticos. Conclusões: A gasometria arterial é indispensável em todos os pacientes cirróticos para triagem da Síndrome Hepatopulmonar, independente da classe funcional, não podendo ser substituída pela oximetria de pulso. Tal conduta visa acelerar o diagnóstico dessa síndrome, considerando a inexistência de correlação entre os critérios diagnósticos gasométricos já estabelecidos e os valores obtidos na oximetria de pulso e no escore Child-Pugh. Tendo em vista que a Síndrome Hepatopulmonar é uma indicação de transplante hepático, seu diagnóstico precoce pode adiantar o processo, melhorando a resposta terapêutica e a sobrevida dos pacientes.Descritores: Síndrome hepatopulmonar, Cirrose hepática, Transplante de fígado, Oximetria, GasometriaABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate whether routine arterial blood gas analysis in all cirrhotic patients can be replaced by isolated pulse oximetry for HPS screening. Material and methods: Observational, individualized and cross-sectional study, by analyzing the medical records of patients from the gastroenterology and hepatology outpatient clinic of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória Hospital, located in the city of Vitória - ES, and by analyzing the laboratory results of the arterial blood gases of these patients. The criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis were clinical history, physical examination, laboratory analysis and at least one imaging exam. Results: A total of 75.4% of the sample consisted of males, with alcoholic etiology being more prevalent (53%). The mean age was 54 years, with no correlation with PaO 2 (p = 0.754) and AaO 2 (p = 0.574). The prevalence of Child A patients was 88.2% and of Child B was 11.8%. The majority (88.2%) of the patients presented a AaO2 gradient ≥ 20 mmHg, compatible with HPS gasometric diagnostic criteria.  Discussion: No significant correlation was observed between blood oxygenation as measured by arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry. Patients with PaO2 <60 mmHg had a minimum SatO2 of 93% and a median of 97%, SD 2.2, compared with a minimum of 85% and a median of 87%, SD 3.9, in patients with levels ≥ 60 mmHg (p = 0.827). Therefore, it is noted that SatO2 measured by pulse oximetry is not a good parameter for screening for SHP in cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: Arterial blood gas analysis is indispensable in all cirrhotic patients in screening for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, regardless of functional class, and cannot be replaced by pulse oximetry. Such conduct aims to accelerate the diagnosis of this syndrome, considering the inexistence of correlation between the already established gasometric diagnostic criteria and the values obtained in pulse oximetry and Child- Pugh score. Since the existence of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome is an indication for liver transplantation, early diagnosis may accelerate the process, improving therapeutic response and survival in patients.Keywords: Hepatopulmonary syndrome, Liver cirrhosisc Liver transplantation, Oximetry, Gasometry


2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A77-A77
Author(s):  
D DELPHINE ◽  
F AGNESE ◽  
B NADINE ◽  
L OLIVIER ◽  
L HUBERT ◽  
...  

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