Tanning Performance of a Novel Chrome-Free Complex Tanning Agent: Penetration and Distribution

Penetration of tanning agent in leather plays an important role in tanning performance and properties of finished leather. A novel complex tanning agent composed of Al–Zr salts and highly-oxidized starch ligand, named TWLZ, was used for chrome-free tanning. The masking effect of highly-oxidized starch reduced the electropositivity of metal complexes, which should help penetration of TWLZ and moderate its fixation during tanning. The effects of tanning agent dosage, basification method and pretreatment method on the distribution of TWLZ in leather were investigated. Using 8% TWLZ and basifying with magnesium oxide benefited the penetration and distribution of TWLZ throughout the cross-section of leather. Pretreatment with an amphoteric organic tanning agent could regulate the charge state of the hide, balance the penetration and fixation of TWLZ, and thus show uniform distribution and satisfactory tanning performance. This work will guide the establishment of TWLZ chrome-free tanning system.

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Zur optim alen Auskopplung bei gefalteten Lasern hoher Verstärkung

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1969-0533 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 867-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Rosenberger

Keyword(s):

Uniform Distribution ◽

Transmission Coefficient ◽

Cross Section ◽

Power Output ◽

High Gain ◽

High Mode ◽

Line Broadening ◽

The Cross

Abstract The optimum transmission coefficient and power output of folded high-gain lasers are calculated assuming homogeneous line broadening and a uniform distribution of the unsaturated gain over the cross section. The results are applied to CO2 lasers with high mode density.

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A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100073933 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 698-699

Author(s):

V. Mizuhira ◽

Y. Futaesaku

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Elastic Fiber ◽

The Other ◽

New Approach ◽

Tissue Block ◽

Active Reaction ◽

The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

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Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096096 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 568-569

Author(s):

Tamotsu Ohno

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Energy Distribution ◽

Cross Section ◽

Integral Curve ◽

Electron Beams ◽

Electron Gun ◽

Angular Divergence ◽

Apparent Increase ◽

Integral Width ◽

The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

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Research in the cross-section of community psychology and global climate change: A call for action

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e628592012-083 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Marci Culley ◽

Holly Angelique ◽

Courte Voorhees ◽

Brian John Bishop ◽

Peta Louise Dzidic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Cross Section ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Community Psychology ◽

Global Climate ◽

The Cross

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Experimental Studies Of Multilayer Glass Structures On Compression, Compression With Bending And Simple Bending

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.01.22-30 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 22-30

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Applied Load ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Research Topic ◽

Normative Values ◽

Laminated Glass ◽

The Cross ◽

Experimental Values

The work of multilayer glass structures for central and eccentric compression and bending are considered. The substantiation of the chosen research topic is made. The description and features of laminated glass for the structures investigated, their characteristics are presented. The analysis of the results obtained when testing for compression, compression with bending, simple bending of models of columns, beams, samples of laminated glass was made. Overview of the types and nature of destruction of the models are presented, diagrams of material operation are constructed, average values of the resistance of the cross-sections of samples are obtained, the table of destructive loads is generated. The need for development of a set of rules and guidelines for the design of glass structures, including laminated glass, for bearing elements, as well as standards for testing, rules for assessing the strength, stiffness, crack resistance and methods for determining the strength of control samples is emphasized. It is established that the strength properties of glass depend on the type of applied load and vary widely, and significantly lower than the corresponding normative values of the strength of heat-strengthened glass. The effect of the connecting polymeric material and manufacturing technology of laminated glass on the strength of the structure is also shown. The experimental values of the elastic modulus are different in different directions of the cross section and in the direction perpendicular to the glass layers are two times less than along the glass layers.

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