Relationship between sprint and lower extremity musclestrength in elementary school baseball players

Background: Although lower extremity biomechanics has been correlated with traditional metrics among baseball players, its association with advanced statistical metrics has not been evaluated. Purpose: To establish normative biomechanical parameters during the countermovement jump (CMJ) among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and evaluate the relationship between CMJ-developed algorithms and advanced statistical metrics. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: MLB players in 2 professional organizations performed the CMJ at the beginning of each baseball season from 2013 to 2017. We collected ground-reaction force data including the eccentric rate of force development (“load”), concentric vertical force (“explode”), and concentric vertical impulse (“drive”) as well as the Sparta Score. The advanced statistical metrics from each baseball season (eg, fielding independent pitching [FIP], weighted stolen base runs [wSB], and weighted on-base average) were also gathered for the study participants. The minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated for each CMJ variable to establish normative parameters. Pearson coefficient analysis and regression trees were used to evaluate associations between CMJ data and advanced statistical metrics for the players. Results: A total of 151 pitchers and 138 batters were included in the final analysis. The MDC for “load,” “explode,” “drive,” and the Sparta Score was 10.3, 8.1, 8.7, and 4.6, respectively, and all demonstrated good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). There was a weak but statistically significant correlation between the Sparta Score and wSB ( r = 0.23; P = .007); however, there were no significant correlations with any other advanced metrics. Regression trees demonstrated superior FIP with higher Sparta Scores in older pitchers compared with younger pitchers. Conclusion: There was a positive but weak correlation between the Sparta Score and base-stealing performance among professional baseball players. Additionally, older pitchers with a higher Sparta Score had statistically superior FIP compared with younger pitchers with a similar Sparta Score after adjusting for age.

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Recommendations to prevent shoulder and elbow injuries due to over training in elementary school baseball players

Journal of Orthopaedic Science ◽

10.1016/j.jos.2017.05.010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 809-810 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenji Takagishi

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Elbow Injuries

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Epidemiology of Pediatric Baseball and Softball Player Injuries

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211052585 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 232596712110525

Author(s):

Ali S. Farooqi ◽

Alexander Lee ◽

Eric Abreu ◽

Divya Talwar ◽

Kathleen J. Maguire

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Sports Injuries ◽

The United States ◽

Injury Surveillance System ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Lower Extremity Injuries ◽

Youth Baseball ◽

Extremity Injuries ◽

Head Neck

Background: Baseball and softball are popular sports in the United States and are responsible for a large number of youth sports injuries each year. Purpose: To investigate recent differences in youth baseball and softball injuries evaluated in nationwide emergency departments. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was examined for softball and baseball injuries in pediatric patients (age, 7-21 years) from 2010 through 2019. Patients were classified as children (age, 7-13 years), adolescents (age, 14-18 years), or young adults (age, 19-21 years). Case narratives were used to categorize injuries as contact injuries (hit by bat or ball), field injuries (sliding into base, collision with another player, catching, or running), throwing injuries, or other. Results: An unweighted total of 24,717 baseball injuries and 13,162 softball injuries were recorded. A nationwide estimate of 861,456 baseball injuries and 511,117 softball injuries were sustained during the studied time period, with estimated respective injury rates of 86,146 and 51,112 per year. Injured softball players were most commonly adolescent (47%) and female (92%), while injured baseball players were most commonly children (54%) and male (90%). There was a greater proportion of baseball-related injuries involving the head/neck (41%) as compared with softball-related injuries (30%) ( P < .01). Conversely, a greater proportion of softball-related injuries involved the lower extremity (32%) as compared with baseball-related injuries (19%) ( P < .01). When comparing diagnosis, softball injuries were more often sprains/strains (28%) than baseball injuries (18%) ( P < .01). When comparing mechanisms of injury, baseball athletes were more likely to be evaluated with contact injuries than were softball athletes (49% vs 40%, P < .01). Conclusion: Youth baseball athletes were more likely to be injured through contact mechanisms and had a higher proportion of injuries related to the head/neck/face, whereas softball injuries more frequently involved the lower extremity and resulted in a sprain/strain. League guidelines should focus on reducing contact injuries within youth baseball, and injury-prevention programs should focus on reducing lower extremity injuries in youth softball.

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Lower Extremity Rotational Profile in Students of Elementary School

The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association ◽

10.4055/jkoa.1998.33.7.1767 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1767

Author(s):

Kwang Soon Song ◽

Jong Hyung Park ◽

Kyoung Won Nam

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Lower Extremity

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Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546519894567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 481-487

Author(s):

Justin M. Chan ◽

John Zajac ◽

Brandon J. Erickson ◽

David W. Altchek ◽

Christopher Camp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

External Rotation ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Series ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Shoulder Flexion

Background: Loss of upper and lower extremity range of motion (ROM) is a significant risk factor for injuries in professional baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine changes in ROM in professional baseball players over the course of a single season and their careers. We hypothesized that pitchers and position players would lose ROM, specifically total shoulder motion (total ROM [TROM]) and hip internal rotation (IR), over the course of a season and their careers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Upper and lower extremity ROM measurements were recorded during pre-, mid-, and postseason on all professional baseball players for a single organization between 2011 and 2018. ROM measurements were compared for pitchers and position players over the course of the season and their careers. Also, ROM measurements over the pre-, mid-, and postseason were compared between pitchers and position players. Results: A total of 166 professional baseball players (98 pitchers, 68 position players) were included. Pitcher hip external rotation (ER; P < .001), IR ( P = .010), and TROM ( P < .001) for lead and trail legs decreased over the course of the season. Pitcher shoulder ER ( P = .005), TROM ( P = .042), and horizontal adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder flexion ( P = .046), hip ER ( P < .001, lead leg; P < .001, trail leg), and hip TROM ( P = .001; P = .002) decreased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder ER ( P = .031) and humeral adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Over the course of pitchers’ careers, there was decreased shoulder IR ( P = .014), increased shoulder horizontal adduction ( P < .001), and hip IR ( P = .042) and hip TROM ( P = .027) for the lead leg. Position players experienced loss of hip TROM ( P = .010, lead leg; P = .018, trail leg) over the course of their careers. Pitchers started with and maintained more shoulder ER and gained more shoulder TROM over a season as compared with position players. Conclusion: Pitchers and position players saw overall decreases in hip ROM but increases in shoulder ROM over the course of the season and career.

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Hamstring Graft Harvest Side Does Not Affect Performance or RTS Rates and Does Not Increase Risk for Future Hamstring Injuries Following UCL Reconstruction in Professional Baseball Players

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119s00371 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽

pp. 2325967119S0037

Author(s):

Brandon J. Erickson ◽

Peter Nissen Chalmers ◽

John D’Angelo ◽

Kevin Ma ◽

Christopher S. Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Return To Sport ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Concomitant Treatment ◽

Extremity Injury ◽

Hamstring Autograft ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Hamstring Injuries ◽

Graft Harvest

Objectives: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a successful procedure in professional baseball players. It is unclear if hamstring tendon harvest side for UCLR alters a player’s risk of subsequent hamstring injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare, performance, return to sport (RTS) rate, and injury rates between professional baseball players with a history of UCLR using an ipsilateral (drive leg) hamstring autograft to those with UCLR using contralateral (landing leg) hamstring autograft. The authors’ hypothesized that players with prior UCLR using ipsilateral (drive leg) hamstring autograft will have the same RTS rate and performance upon RTS, but higher number of subsequent lower extremity injuries than those using contralateral (landing leg) hamstring autograft. Methods: All players between 2010-2015 who underwent UCLR using hamstring autograft were included. Surgical details of their procedure were recorded using operative reports. Players with a hamstring UCLR were compared within group to compare grafts taken from the drive leg vs. landing leg. Results: Overall, 191 players underwent UCLR using hamstring autograft (58 [30%] landing/contralateral and 133 [70%] ipsilateral/drive leg). The docking technique was more common in the contralateral/landing leg group while the figure-of-8 technique was more common in the ipsilateral/drive leg group (p>0.001). More patients in the ipsilateral/drive leg group underwent concomitant treatment of the ulnar nerve than the contralateral/landing leg group (p<0.001). No difference existed in return to sport (RTS) rates, or timing of RTS between groups. No differences in subsequent ipsilateral or contralateral hamstring injuries between players who underwent UCLR using hamstring from the ipsilateral/drive leg or contralateral/landing leg was seen (p=1.000; p=0.460 respectively). No difference in overall upper or lower extremity injury rates existed between groups. Conclusion: No difference in RTS rate, performance upon RTS, or subsequent hamstring, lower extremity, or upper extremity injury rates existed between players who underwent UCLR using hamstring autograft from the ipsilateral/drive or contralateral/landing leg.

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