Considerable experience with integrated geological and geophysical studies has enabled definition of deep crustal structures and, within limits, composition and processes within the deep crust, and to determine their association with metallogeny in the USSR.By means of seismic experiments, stratification of the Earth's crust and the upper mantle to a depth of about 100 km has been revealed. Numerous heat flow data have been compiled. Magneto-telluric soundings made it possible to determine the position of conductive strata in the crust and upper mantle for a number of areas. Gravity surveys coupled with the results of seismic profiling enabled the finding of a number of empirical laws that are useful for investigation into the deep crust. Magnetic data analysis has enabled evaluation of the magnetic layering of the deep crust. Kimberlite and ore provinces can be considered examples of these concepts.For more detailed studies of deep crustal structure the territory of the USSR is the subject of a system of regional investigation of the deep crust and upper mantle. This system is based principally upon a network of interconnected regional profiles (geotraverses) tied to deep and superdeep boreholes. The system includes predicted geophysical observations to control investigation of the geophysical field data. The geotraverse network is the basis for detailed studies within the bounds of petroleum and ore provinces.The most accurate data obtained allows the formation of a crustal model and reveals empirical relationships with metallogeny.Based on the deep crustal structure data a regional oregenesis prediction map has been made. The endogenous mineralization prediction was based on special features of the upper layering of the crust and on data relating to deep crustal permeability zones.
Carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and carbonate ions in aqueous solutions under deep Earth conditions
