There is a significant effect of carbon dioxide on the acidification of the ocean. This research focuses on the acidification of the ocean and its effect on the animal life in the ocean. Also, it focuses on the effect of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere on the ocean acidification. The data are collected from the research institutions and laboratories, such as National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Japan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA, Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, and other sources of research about acidification of ocean. The results show that the acidity increases with increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This is because ocean absorbs nearly 50% of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbonate ions (CO32-) will be used in forming carbonic acid, which will increase the acidity of the water. Increasing the acidity of water will affect building of the animal Skeleton. It is recommended to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; therefore the acidity will be decreased in the ocean.
The paper includes the results of mineralization research and the ratio of hydrogen carbonate and carbonate ions – HCO3 - + CO3 -, sulphates – SO4 -, chlorides – Cl-, calcium – Ca2+, magnesium – Mg2+, sodium – Na+ and potassium – K+, in the waters of the Prut River downstream of Costesti-Stinca reservoir (Braniste, Sculeni, Leuseni, Cahul, Cislita Prut, Giurgiulești) in 2020.
AbstractSLC4 transporters play significant roles in pH regulation and cellular sodium transport. The previously solved structures of the outward facing (OF) conformation for AE1 (SLC4A1) and NBCe1 (SLC4A4) transporters revealed an identical overall fold despite their different transport modes (chloride/bicarbonate exchange versus sodium-carbonate cotransport). However, the exact mechanism determining the different transport modes in the SLC4 family remains unknown. In this work, we report the cryo-EM 3.4 Å structure of the OF conformation of NDCBE (SLC4A8), which shares transport properties with both AE1 and NBCe1 by mediating the electroneutral exchange of sodium-carbonate with chloride. This structure features a fully resolved extracellular loop 3 and well-defined densities corresponding to sodium and carbonate ions in the tentative substrate binding pocket. Further, we combine computational modeling with functional studies to unravel the molecular determinants involved in NDCBE and SLC4 transport.
The paper considers methods for calculating the rate of metals corrosion. A comparative analysis of the experimental data on the steel 10 corrosion rate in carbonate solutions with different pH values (6-12.5) and the concentration of carbonate ions on the disk electrode made of steel 10. The calculation of the corrosion rate by the gravimetric method and the method of polarization resistance is carried out. A detailed description of the calculating the corrosion rate stages index from experimental electrochemical data (I-E) obtained on the potentiostat IPC PRO is given. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered methods are indicated.
Abstract
A simple method of hydrogen production through the decomposition of water subjected to UV radiation is presented. Water contained dissolved sodium hydroxide and the solution was saturated with carbon dioxide gas. During saturation, the pH value dropped from about 11.5 to 7-8. The produced bicarbonate and carbonate ions acted as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals, preventing recombination of hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals, and giving priority to the formation of hydrogen gas.In the presented method, the production of hydrogen is combined with the utilization of carbon dioxide.
Anion binding and extraction from solutions is currently a dynamic research topic in the field of supramolecular chemistry. A particularly challenging task is the extraction of anions with large hydration energies, such as the carbonate ion. Carbonate-binding complexes are also receiving increased interest due to their relevance to atmospheric CO2 fixation. Nanojars are a class of self-assembled, supramolecular coordination complexes that have been shown to bind highly hydrophilic anions and to extract even the most hydrophilic ones, including carbonate, from water into aliphatic solvents. Here we present an expanded nanojar that is able to bind two carbonate ions, thus doubling the previously reported carbonate-binding capacity of nanojars. The new nanojar is characterized by detailed single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies in the solid state and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (including tandem MS/MS) studies in solution.
Layered perovskites such as La2-xSrxCuO4 are active electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, but they suffer from structural instability under catalytic conditions. This structural instability is found to arise from the reaction of CO2 with surface sites. Variable scan rate voltammetry shows the growth of a Cu-based redox couple when potentials cathodic of 0.6 V vs. RHE are applied in the presence of CO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy identifies a redox active surface state at this voltage, whose concentration is increased by electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2. In-situ spectroelectrochemical FTIR identifies surface bound carbonates as being involved formation of these surface sites. The orthorhombic lattice for La2-xSrxCuO4 is found to uniquely enable monodentate binding of (bi)carbonate ions from solution as well as bidentate carbonate ions through reaction with CO2. The incorporation of Sr(II) induces a transition to a tetragonal lattice, for which only monodentate carbonate ions are observed. It is proposed that the binding of carbonate ions in a bidentate fashion generates sufficient strain at the surface to result in amorphization at the surface, yielding the observed Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple.
Investigating the effect of carbon dioxide on the acidity of the Ocean