scholarly journals The influence of threat and aversive motivation on conflict processing in the Stroop task

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 2802-2813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ray Liao ◽  
Laurent Grégoire ◽  
Brian A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Aversive Motivation

Impulsivity and Conflict in the Stroop Task

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke M. Lansbergen ◽  
Erika van Hell ◽  
J. Leon Kenemans
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Brain Correlates

Abstract. It has been suggested that impulsive behavior can be attributed to weaker interference control. The present research used a Stroop task to test whether impulsivity within the normal population is associated with weaker interference control. Sixteen high- and 16 low-impulsive healthy volunteers performed a Stroop task, which varied in the proportion of incongruent trials to induce high conflict and provoke more impulsive behavior. Event-related brain potentials (ERP) were recorded to assess the brain correlates of Stroop interference (N/P450 and SP [sustained potential]), which have been suggested to reflect conflict processing and attentional control, respectively. Higher conflict resulted in more Stroop interference and enhanced N/P450 and SP. Source analyses indicated that the neural generators of the N/P450 and the SP may both be located near the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), suggesting that both may reflect aspects of conflict processing. Differences in Stroop interference in terms of error rates, but not in terms of reaction time were found between high and low impulsives. This result may reflect enhanced sensitivity to the surprise value of unexpected stimulus categories, rather than enhanced interference. High impulsive participants did not differ from low impulsive participants with respect to the N/P450, but the SP seemed to originate from a more posterior and right-sided cortical network in high impulsive relative to low impulsive participants. In conclusion, high impulsiveness within the normal population as assessed by an impulsivity questionnaire is not associated with relatively early processes during response inhibition, but the present results may suggest an association between impulsiveness and further, more complex conflict processing.

Selective reinforcement of conflict processing in the Stroop task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Ruth Krebs ◽  
Nanne Kukkonen ◽  
Senne Braem
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
New Guidelines

Motivation signals have been shown to influence the engagement of cognitive control processes. However, most studies focus on the invigorating effect of reward prospect, rather than the reinforcing effect of reward feedback. The present study aimed to test whether people strategically adapt conflict processing when confronted with condition-specific congruency-reward contingencies in a manual Stroop task. Results show that the size of the Stroop effect can be affected by selectively rewarding responses following incongruent versus congruent trials. However, our findings also suggest important boundary conditions. Our first two experiments only show a modulation of the Stroop effect in the first half of the experimental blocks, possibly due to our adaptive threshold procedure demotivating adaptive behavior over time. The third experiment showed an overall modulation of the Stroop effect, but did not find evidence for a similar modulation on test items, leaving open whether this effect generalizes to the congruency conditions, or is stimulus-specific. More generally, our results are consistent with computational models of cognitive control and support contemporary learning perspectives on cognitive control. The findings also offer new guidelines and directions for future investigations on the selective reinforcement of cognitive control processes.

The Effects of Aging on Controlled Attention and Conflict Processing in the Stroop Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert West
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Context Processing ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Controlled Attention ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Recent computational modeling and behavioral work indicate that age-related declines in the ability to represent task context may contribute to disruptions of working memory and selective attention in older adults. However, it is unclear whether age-related declines in context processing arise from a disruption of the encoding or maintenance of task context and how age-related declines in context processing interact with mechanisms supporting conflict detection and resolution processes contributing to efficient selection of task-relevant information. This study examines the effects of aging on the neural correlates of context and conflict processing in the Stroop task using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Age-related differences in the time course of modulations of the ERPs associated with encoding (P3) and maintaining (slow wave) task context were observed. There were also age-related differences in the N450, conflict SP, and ERN associated with conflict processing that interacted with task context. These data indicate that aging is associated with declines in the efficiency of those neural mechanisms supporting both context and conflict processing, and that the effects of aging are not pervasive but rather interact with task context.

TPH2 gene variation and conflict processing in a cognitive and an emotional Stroop task

2009 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Osinsky ◽  
Anja Schmitz ◽  
Nina Alexander ◽  
Yvonne Kuepper ◽  
Eva Kozyra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Emotional Stroop Task ◽  
Gene Variation ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Tph2 Gene

scholarly journals Selective reinforcement of conflict processing in the Stroop task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255430
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Nanne Kukkonen ◽  
Senne Braem
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
New Guidelines

Motivation signals have been shown to influence the engagement of cognitive control processes. However, most studies focus on the invigorating effect of reward prospect, rather than the reinforcing effect of reward feedback. The present study aimed to test whether people strategically adapt conflict processing when confronted with condition-specific congruency-reward contingencies in a manual Stroop task. Results show that the size of the Stroop effect can be affected by selectively rewarding responses following incongruent versus congruent trials. However, our findings also suggest important boundary conditions. Our first two experiments only show a modulation of the Stroop effect in the first half of the experimental blocks, possibly due to our adaptive threshold procedure demotivating adaptive behavior over time. The third experiment showed an overall modulation of the Stroop effect, but did not find evidence for a similar modulation on test items, leaving open whether this effect generalizes to the congruency conditions, or is stimulus-specific. More generally, our results are consistent with computational models of cognitive control and support contemporary learning perspectives on cognitive control. The findings also offer new guidelines and directions for future investigations on the selective reinforcement of cognitive control processes.

scholarly journals The Influence of Hearing Loss on Cognitive Control in an Auditory Conflict Task: Behavioral and Pupillometry Findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2483-2492
Author(s):  
Adriana A. Zekveld ◽  
J. A. M. van Scheepen ◽  
Niek J. Versfeld ◽  
Sophia E. Kramer ◽  
Henk van Steenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Hearing Status ◽  
Age Range

Purpose The pupil dilation response is sensitive not only to auditory task demand but also to cognitive conflict. Conflict is induced by incompatible trials in auditory Stroop tasks in which participants have to identify the presentation location (left or right ear) of the words “left” or “right.” Previous studies demonstrated that the compatibility effect is reduced if the trial is preceded by another incompatible trial (conflict adaptation). Here, we investigated the influence of hearing status on cognitive conflict and conflict adaptation in an auditory Stroop task. Method Two age-matched groups consisting of 32 normal-hearing participants ( M age = 52 years, age range: 25–67 years) and 28 participants with hearing impairment ( M age = 52 years, age range: 23–64 years) performed an auditory Stroop task. We assessed the effects of hearing status and stimulus compatibility on reaction times (RTs) and pupil dilation responses. We furthermore analyzed the Pearson correlation coefficients between age, degree of hearing loss, and the compatibility effects on the RT and pupil response data across all participants. Results As expected, the RTs were longer and pupil dilation was larger for incompatible relative to compatible trials. Furthermore, these effects were reduced for trials following incompatible (as compared to compatible) trials (conflict adaptation). No general effect of hearing status was observed, but the correlations suggested that higher age and a larger degree of hearing loss were associated with more interference of current incompatibility on RTs. Conclusions Conflict processing and adaptation effects were observed on the RTs and pupil dilation responses in an auditory Stroop task. No general effects of hearing status were observed, but the correlations suggested that higher age and a greater degree of hearing loss were related to reduced conflict processing ability. The current study underlines the relevance of taking into account cognitive control and conflict adaptation processes.

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