scholarly journals Spurious NPI licensing and exhaustification

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Jon Ander Mendia ◽  
Ethan Poole ◽  
Brian Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Npi Licensing ◽  
Licensing Effects

Under certain circumstances, speakers are subject to so-called spurious NPI licensing effects, whereby they perceive that NPIs without a c–commanding licensor are in fact licensed and grammatical. Previous studies have all involved the presence of a licensor in a position that linearly precedes, but does not c–command the NPI. In this paper, we show that spurious NPI licensing can occur in the outright absence of a licensor, in contexts that force an exhaustive parse. We reason that at least these instances of spurious NPI licensing might be reduced to the E XH operator pragmatically “rescuing” the NPI, in the sense of Giannakidou (1998, 2006).

scholarly journals Justified indulgence: self-licensing effects on caloric consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sosja Prinsen ◽  
Catharine Evers ◽  
Denise T. D. de Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
Licensing Effects

scholarly journals Language Models Use Monotonicity to Assess NPI Licensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Jumelet ◽  
Milica Denic ◽  
Jakub Szymanik ◽  
Dieuwke Hupkes ◽  
Shane Steinert-Threlkeld
Keyword(s):  
Language Models ◽  
Npi Licensing

Consistency Versus Licensing Effects of Past Moral Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Mullen ◽  
Benoît Monin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Behavior ◽  
Licensing Effects

A Note on Possibility Modals and NPI Licensing

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
I.-T. C. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Npi Licensing

scholarly journals Oops I Did it Again: Examining Self-Licensing Effects in a Subsequent Self-Regulation Dilemma

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sosja Prinsen ◽  
Catharine Evers ◽  
Denise de Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Licensing Effects

scholarly journals MORAL CLEANSING AND MORAL LICENSES: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Brañas-Garza ◽  
Marisa Bucheli ◽  
María Paz Espinosa ◽  
Teresa García-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Regular Pattern ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Optimal Sequence ◽  
Moral Licensing ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Licensing Effects ◽  
Over Time

Research on moral cleansing and moral self-licensing has introduced dynamic considerations in the theory of moral behaviour. Past bad actions trigger negative feelings that make people more likely to engage in future moral behaviour to offset them. Symmetrically, past good deeds favour a positive self-perception that creates licensing effects, leading people to engage in behaviour that is less likely to be moral. In short, a deviation from a ‘normal state of being’ is balanced with a subsequent action that compensates the prior behaviour. We model the decision of an individual trying to reach the optimal level of moral self-worth over time and show that under certain conditions the optimal sequence of actions follows a regular pattern which combines good and bad actions. To explore this phenomenon we conduct an economic experiment where subjects play a sequence of giving decisions (dictator games). We find that donations in the previous period affect present decisions and the sign is negative: participants' behaviour in every round is negatively correlated to what they did in the past. Hence donations over time seem to be the result of a regular pattern of self-regulation: moral licensing (being selfish after altruistic) and cleansing (altruistic after selfish).

scholarly journals Counterfactual Donkey Sentences: A Strict Conditional Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Andreas Walker ◽  
Maribel Romero
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Conditional Analysis ◽  
Concealed Questions ◽  
Npi Licensing ◽  
Donkey Pronouns ◽  
Open Issues

We explore a distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ readings in counterfactual donkey sentences and observe three open issues in the current literature on these sentences: (i) van Rooij (2006) and Wang (2009) make different empirical predictions with respect to the availability of ‘high’ donkey readings. We settle this question in favour of van Rooij’s (2006) analysis. (ii) This analysis overgenerates with respect to weak readings in so-called ‘identificational’ donkey sentences. We argue that pronouns in these sentences should not be analysed as donkey pronouns, but as concealed questions or as part of a cleft. (iii) The analysis also undergenerates with respect to NPI licensing in counterfactual antecedents. We propose a strict conditional semantics for counterfactual donkey sentences that derives the correct licensing facts.

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