scholarly journals COMPETITIVENESS ASSESSMENT FOR REAL ESTATE ENTERPRISES IN CHINA: A MODEL‐PROCEDURE

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Liyin Shen ◽  
Yuzhe Wu ◽  
Linda C. N. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Real Estate Enterprises ◽  
The World

China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 has allowed both domestic and overseas real estate enterprises to compete under the same market conditions. This has led to a more rigorous competition in the Chinese real estate market. Understanding this challenge is essential as it enables real estate enterprises to assess their competitiveness properly, and therefore adapt to their competition environment by applying adequate methods to improve their competitiveness. This paper presents an understanding on the applicability of various established competitiveness assessment methods. The characteristics of real estate firms are also presented with the appreciation of the Chinese environment. The study investigates the applicability of various established competitiveness assessment methods for real estate organizations in China considering the characteristics of real estate industry and the comments of the interviewees. The understanding on this applicability leads to the development of a model-procedure for assessing the competitiveness of real estate firms. The model‐procedure employs various assessment methods in different stages in the process of examining the competitiveness of real estate businesses. The effectiveness of the application of the model‐procedure is evidenced through discussions with senior professionals. Then a case study is presented to illustrate how the model‐procedure can be applied. The findings of the study provide valuable references to study competitiveness assessment in other country's real estate industries. Santruka Nuo 2001 metu, kai Kinija tapo Pasaulines prekybos organizacijos (PPO) nare, ir vietines, ir užsienio nekilnojamojo turto imones gali konkuruoti tomis pačiomis rinkos salygomis. Del to konkurencija Kinijos nekilnojamojo turto rinkoje tapo tik aršesne. Ši iššūki būtina suprasti, nes jis nekilnojamojo turto imonems leidžia tinkamai ivertinti savo konkurencinguma, prisitai kyti prie konkurencines aplinkos bei pasirinkti adekva čius metodus konkurencingumui didinti. Straipsnyje apžvelgiama, kaip suprantamas ivairiu pripažin tu konkurencingumo vertinimo metodu tinkamumas. Pateikiamos Kinijos nekilnojamojo turto imoniu charakteristikos. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais, nekilnojamojo turto sektoriaus charakteristikomis ir apklausoje dalyvavusiu asmenu komentarais, nagrinejamas ivairiu pripažin tu konkurencingumo vertinimo metodu tinkamumas Kinijoje veikiančioms nekilnojamojo turto organizacijoms. Suvokiant ši tinkamuma, galima sukurti procedūros modeli, kuri naudojant būtu vertinamas nekilnojamojo turto imoniu konkurencingumas. Ivairiais nekilnojamojo turto imoniu konkurencingumo tyrinejimo proceso etapais taikant procedūros modeli naudojami skirtingi vertinimo metodai. Mineto modelio taikymo efektyvumas aptariamas su šios srities profesionalais. Tada pateikiamas konkretaus atvejo, parodančio procedūros modelio taikyma, tyrimas, o jo išvados suteikia vertingos informacijos, kuria galima naudoti tyrinejant konkurencingumo vertinima kitos šalies nekilnojamojo turto sektoriuose.

Legitimating Behind the Smoke Screen in the Battle Over Clove Cigarettes

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-160
Author(s):  
Sivan Shlomo Agon
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Dispute Settlement System

Recent years have confronted the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) with an intense wave of complex linkage disputes. US-Clove Cigarettes, which stands at the centre of this chapter, serves as the second case study in the investigation into the DSS’s goal-attainment endeavours in this category of WTO disputes. The chapter begins with a review of several jurisprudential milestones leading from the early US-Shrimp, examined in Chapter 5, to the more recent US-Clove Cigarettes, examined here, with a view to portraying the legitimation continuum of which the latter dispute forms a part. The chapter then discusses the intricate legitimacy setting in which US-Clove Cigarettes unfolded and, through a close goal-oriented analysis, shows how the intensified legitimacy concerns aroused shaped the goals pursued by the DSS and the judicial choices made towards their achievement. The chapter concludes by linking the goal-attainment efforts identified to the broader DSS goal-based effectiveness framework advanced in the book.

5. Neoliberalism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sterling-Folker
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
World Trade ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Principal Agent Theory ◽  
Agent Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Hegemonic Stability

This chapter examines the neoliberalist argument that international institutions promote international cooperation. While neoliberalism acknowledges that cooperation can be difficult to achieve in anarchic conditions, it insists that institutions allow states to overcome a variety of collective action impediments. The central concern of neoliberal analysis is how institutions do so, and how they might be redesigned to more efficiently obtain cooperative outcomes. This chapter considers three questions that are relevant for understanding neoliberal contributions: How did neoliberalism emerge? What are the barriers to international cooperation? How does neoliberalism study international institutions. The chapter uses the World Trade Organization as a case study to illustrate the importance of institutional design for international free trade cooperation. Along the way, various concepts such as interdependence, hegemonic stability, hegemon, bargaining, defection, compliance, autonomy, and principal–agent theory are discussed, along with the game known as Prisoner's Dilemma.

5. Neoliberalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-107
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sterling-Folker
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
World Trade ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Principal Agent Theory ◽  
Agent Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Hegemonic Stability

This chapter examines the neoliberalist argument that international institutions promote international cooperation. While neoliberalism acknowledges that cooperation can be difficult to achieve in anarchic conditions, it insists that institutions allow states to overcome a variety of collective action impediments. The central concern of neoliberal analysis is how institutions do so, and how they might be redesigned to more efficiently obtain cooperative outcomes. This chapter considers three questions that are relevant for understanding neoliberal contributions: How did neoliberalism emerge? What are the barriers to international cooperation? How does neoliberalism study international institutions? The chapter uses the World Trade Organization as a case study to illustrate the importance of institutional design for international free trade cooperation. Along the way, various concepts such as interdependence, hegemonic stability, hegemon, bargaining, defection, compliance, autonomy, and principal–agent theory are discussed, along with the game known as Prisoner’s Dilemma.

scholarly journals Principles of Non-Discrimination against Trading State Party of Powerful Country on the basis of World Trade Organization “Case Study Banning Thai Coconut Products”

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1364-1368
Author(s):  
Dolnapa Nantawaroprai
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
State Party ◽  
National Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
General Exceptions ◽  
Discriminatory Practice

The principle of Non-discrimination of the World Trade Organization (WT0) aims to provide fairness to all member countries by means of the Most Favored Nations Treatment and National Treatment under the General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (GATT). Accordingly, the free trade has been promoted in all regions of the world. However, many WTO members resort to take advantage of general exceptions to the non-discriminatory practice by invoking Article XX of WTO in disguise, thus affecting the free trade principle of WTO.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document