scholarly journals Antibiotic resistant Shigella is a major cause of diarrhoea in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1391-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R Greenhill ◽  
Carlton Guwada ◽  
Valentine Siba ◽  
Audrey Michael ◽  
Mition Yoannes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Enteric Parasites

Introduction: Diarrhoea remains a major cause of illness in Papua New Guinea (PNG); however, little is known about its aetiology. As a result of the cholera outbreak that spread throughout PNG in 2009-2011, we conducted diarrhoeal surveillance in Eastern Highlands Province. Methodology: Following informed consent and a brief questionnaire, participants provided a stool sample or duplicate rectal swabs. Samples were tested for common bacterial pathogens Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica using established culture methods. Enteric parasites were detected using microscopy. Results: A total of 216 participants were enrolled; where age was recorded, 42% were under 5 years of age, 6.7% were 5 to 17 years of age and 51.3% ≥18 years of age. One or more pathogens were detected in 68 (31.5%) participants, with Shigella (primarily S. flexneri) being the most commonly isolated (47 of 216 participants). Enteric parasites were detected in 23 of the 216 participants, occurring as a co-infection with another pathogen in 12 of 23 cases. No Vibrio cholerae was detected. Shigella isolates were commonly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol. Conclusions: Shigellae, specifically S. flexneri, are important pathogens in the highlands of PNG. While most studies in low-income settings focus on childhood aetiology, we have demonstrated the importance of Shigella in both children and adults. Enteric parasites remain present and presumably contribute to the burden of gastrointestinal illness. While improvements in sanitation and hygiene would help lower the burden of all aetiologies of infectious diarrhoea, additional control strategies targeting Shigella may also be warranted.

scholarly journals Prevalence of syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women in Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea and Samoa, 1995–2017: Spectrum-STI model estimates

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nishijima ◽  
Devina Nand ◽  
Nefertti David ◽  
Mathias Bauri ◽  
Robert Carney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Federated States Of Micronesia ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Diagnostic Test Performance ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Active Syphilis

Objectives: To estimate prevalence levels of and time trends for active syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women aged 15–49 years in four countries in the Pacific (Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia [FSM], Papua New Guinea [PNG] and Samoa) to inform surveillance and control strategies for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: The Spectrum-STI model was fitted to data from prevalence surveys and screenings of adult female populations collected during 1995−2017 and adjusted for diagnostic test performance and to account for undersampled high-risk populations. For chlamydia and gonorrhoea, data were further adjusted for age and differences between urban and rural areas. Results: Prevalence levels were estimated as a percentage (95% confidence interval). In 2017, active syphilis prevalence was estimated in Fiji at 3.89% (2.82 to 5.06), in FSM at 1.48% (0.93 to 2.16), in PNG at 3.91% (1.67 to 7.24) and in Samoa at 0.16% (0.07 to 0.37). For gonorrhoea, the prevalence in Fiji was 1.63% (0.50 to 3.87); in FSM it was 1.59% (0.49 to 3.58); in PNG it was 11.0% (7.25 to 16.1); and in Samoa it was 1.61% (1.17 to 2.19). The prevalence of chlamydia in Fiji was 24.1% (16.5 to 32.7); in FSM it was 23.9% (18.5 to 30.6); in PNG it was 14.8% (7.39 to 24.7); and in Samoa it was 30.6% (26.8 to 35.0). For each specific disease within each country, the 95% confidence intervals overlapped for 2000 and 2017, although in PNG the 2017 estimates for all three STIs were below the 2000 estimates. These patterns were robust in the sen sitivity analyses. Discussion: This study demonstrated a persistently high prevalence of three major bacterial STIs across four countries in WHO’s Western Pacific Region during nearly two decades. Further strengthening of strategies to control and prevent STIs is warranted.

scholarly journals Epilepsy in children in Papua New Guinea: a longitudinal cohort study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casparia Mond ◽  
John D Vince ◽  
Trevor Duke
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Seizure Control ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽  
Seizure Type ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Children And Parents

AbstractBackgroundEpilepsy affects up to 1-4% of children living in low income and middle countries, however there are few studies of the problems faced by children with epilepsy in such settings.AimTo document the characteristics and situation for children with epilepsy in Port Moresby, an urban area in Papua New Guinea, a low-middle income country in the Western Pacific region. To describe the types of epilepsy, associated comorbidities, treatment access and barriers, the adequacy of seizure control, the quality of life and developmental opportunities, and the difficulties faced by children with epilepsy and their families.MethodsA longitudinal cohort study, following children with epilepsy over 18-24 months. Mixed methods evaluations included assessments of seizure control, medications, neurodevelopment, and structured interviews with children and parents, and a parent-diary to record additional information.ResultsForty-seven children with epilepsy were followed for a median of 18 months; 75% were being treated with phenobarbitone. Seizure control improved over time for some children, but inconsistent supply of phenobarbitone hindered better control. Twenty six (55%) children had some developmental delay. Children gave vivid descriptions of their experience of seizures. Most children and parents had a positive view of the future but faced many challenges including financial difficulties, fear of seizures especially at school, restriction of activity and stigma and discrimination.ConclusionComprehensive care for children with epilepsy requires a good knowledge of the individual patient - including their seizure type and comorbidities, their family, and their strengths and vulnerabilities. It requires long term follow up, with a dedicated team of health professionals to provide support.

scholarly journals Diarrhoeal disease surveillance in Papua New Guinea: findings and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yazid Abdad ◽  
Kevin Soli ◽  
Bang Pham ◽  
Grace Bande ◽  
Tobias Maure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Western Pacific Region ◽  
Surveillance Activity ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Diarrhoeal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western Pacific Region. However, data on the major causes of infectious diarrhoea are limited in many countries within the Region, including Papua New Guinea. In 2013–2014, we conducted surveillance for acute diarrhoeal illness in four provinces in Papua New Guinea. One rural health clinic from each province participated in the surveillance activity. Samples were sent to central laboratories and batch analysed for bacterial and viral gastrointestinal pathogens that are commonly associated with diarrhoea. Across the four sites, the most commonly detected pathogens were Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and rotavirus. In this paper, we report the results of the surveillance activity and the challenges that we faced. The lessons learnt may be applicable to other parts of the Region with a similar socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Infection-Causing Bacteria in Dairy Animals and Determination of Their Antibiogram

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Safia Arbab ◽  
Hanif Ullah ◽  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Ka Li ◽  
Ali Akbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Dairy Animals

Pathogens are always a threat to the livestock and domestic animals due to their exposure to the contaminated environments. The study was conducted to evaluation of the prevalence of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and S. aureus, in farm animals (cattle and buffalos). A total of 150 (n = 150) samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes, 60 samples from cows’ and buffalo’s teats milk, 30 of water samples, and 60 of fecal samples isolates from dairy farm animals, which may act as reservoir disseminating such pathogens. Farm hygiene, management, and milking procedure were listed through a questionnaire. The most common pathogens detected in this study was E. coli 88 (58%) and S. aureus 81 (54%), followed by Salmonella spp. 32 (21%), and Shigella spp. 44 (29%), respectively. During the antibiogram studies, the results revealed that the highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance against ampicillin 50 (56.8%), followed by ciprofloxacin 23 (26.1%) and augmentin 22 (25%) of Escherichia coli and ampicillin 49 (60.4%), cefpodoxime 23 (28.3%), and augmentin 20 (24.6%) of S. aureus. In the case of Salmonella spp., the highest resistance was showed by amoxicillin 16 (50%). In Shigella spp., the highest resistance was shown by ampicillin 16 (36.3%), followed by cefpodoxime and ceftazidime 10 (22.7%). The high frequency of isolates in this investigation with multiple antibiotic resistance ranges from 15. MARI % value of S. aureus and E. coli 15 (12.5%), followed by Salmonella and Shigella spp. ranges from 12 (10%), suggesting the presence of various antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as highly resistant bacteria. The mean ± SD zone areas for the greater resistance are for E. coli and S. aureus, already known to be multiresistant, followed by Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., when the zone areas are for the low resistance, and the findings determined that there was a little difference between S. aureus and E. coli.

scholarly journals Phylodynamic signatures in the emergence of community-associated MRSA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eike Steinig ◽  
Izzard Aglua ◽  
Sebastián Duchêne ◽  
Michael T. Meehan ◽  
Mition Yoannes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Far North ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages have emerged in many geographically distinct regions around the world during the past 30 years. Here, we apply consistent phylodynamic methods across multiple community-associated MRSA lineages to describe and contrast their patterns of emergence and dissemination. We generated whole genome sequencing data for the Australian sequence type (ST) 93-MRSA-IV from remote communities in Far North Queensland and Papua New Guinea, and the Bengal Bay ST772-MRSA-V clone from metropolitan communities in Pakistan. Increases in the effective reproduction number (Re) and sustained transmission (Re > 1) coincided with spread of progenitor methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in remote northern Australia, dissemination of the ST93-MRSA-IV geno-type into population centers on the Australian East Coast, and sub-sequent importation into the highlands of Papua New Guinea and Far North Queensland. Analysis of a ST772-MRSA-V cluster in Pakistan suggests that sustained transmission in the community following importation of resistant genotypes may be more common than previously thought. Applying the same phylodynamic methods to existing lineage datasets, we identified common signatures of epidemic growth in the emergence and epidemiological trajectory of community-associated S. aureus lineages from America, Asia, Australasia and Europe. Surges in Re were observed at the divergence of antibiotic resistant strains, coinciding with their establishment in regional population centers. Epidemic growth was also observed amongst drug-resistant MSSA clades in Africa and northern Australia. Our data suggest that the emergence of community-associated MRSA and MSSA lineages in the late 20th century was driven by a combination of antibiotic resistant genotypes and host epidemiology, leading to abrupt changes in lineage-wide transmission dynamics and sustained transmission in regional population centers.

scholarly journals Profile of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Slaughterhouse Effluents of Etoudi-Yaounde and Its Receiving Waterbody

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Merveille Tamema Masse ◽  
Romuald Jacques Samba Aloys ◽  
Brunelle Tchakounte Betbui
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Drug Resistance ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The Profile of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from slaughterhouse effluents of Etoudi-Yaounde, and its receiving waterbody (River Ako’o) were investigated. Wastewater samples were collected from abattoir outlet and along the river (pond, mid river and out-river). Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim, cefixime and kanamycin were determined. Resistance to amoxicillin was the highest (96.3 %), followed by sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim (85.1%), kanamycin (81.5 %), cefixime (81.3 %), tetracycline (80.9 %) and ciprofloxacin (73.6 %). Bacterial resistance was higher in October, compared to March and December. Higher resistance ratios were observed downstream at out-river (77.9 %). Enterobacteria constituted 80% of the isolates. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the identified drug resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli was more prevalent (30.7%). All isolates were multi-resistant antibiotic resistant bacteria and some presented resistance to third generation cephalosporin. Wastewater from Etoudi-abattoir is a serious vector of the spread of bacterial drug resistance, thus, strategies towards hygiene and sanitation of the slaughterhouse and its effluents should be implemented. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, slaughterhouse wastewater, public health.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Pakistan and Papua New Guinea: reflections on mass testing and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayat Ali ◽  
Shahbaz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Low Income ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Containment Measures

Abstract The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic continues during 2021. Some countries are revisiting their containment measures to be eased or re-imposed after massive testing programs. Yet is testing itself a solution? Testing may be an important containment step, yet in low-income countries (LICs), it may be substantially challenging to carry out. This is because the situation in LICs is complexified by inadequate and corrupt economic, political, and healthcare systems in which testing is often beyond reach. Focusing on Pakistan and Papua New Guinea (PNG), we contend that the sparse number of recorded COVID-19 infections may demonstrate that both countries lack the required resources to conduct effective testing and deal with the pandemic. To appropriately tackle the pandemic, such countries need focus on implementing the measures they can and on public education about how viruses work and why it is so important to seek to contain their spread. Furthermore, we invite thorough studies to examine and analyze massive testing from various perspectives.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of control strategies for Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps mercedesae in Papua New Guinea

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. K. Roberts ◽  
Cooper N. Schouten ◽  
Reuben W. Sengere ◽  
John Jave ◽  
David Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Varroa Jacobsoni ◽  
Tropilaelaps Mercedesae
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