scholarly journals The Madeiran laurel forest endemic Goodyera macrophylla (Orchidaceae) is related to American orchids

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. e116
Author(s):  
Mike Thiv ◽  
Manuela Gouveia ◽  
Miguel Menezes de Sequeira
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Central American ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Laurel Forest ◽  
The North ◽  
Extinction Events

Macaronesian laurel forests harbour many herbs and laurophyllous trees with Mediterranean/European or Macaronesian affinities. Traditionally, the origin of these taxa has been explained by the relict hypothesis interpreting these taxa as relics of formerly widespread laurel forests in the European continent and the Mediterranean. We analysed the phylogenetic relationships of the Madeiran laurel forest endemic Goodyera macrophylla (Orchidaceae) using sequences from the nuclear ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) and plastid DNA regions. The results were incongruent, either the two Central American G. brachyceras and G. striata (ITS) or the North American G. oblongifolia (plastid DNA) were sister group to G. macrophylla. Nonetheless, biogeographic analyses indicated an American origin of this nemoral laurel forest plant in the two data sets. Molecular clock analyses suggest a colonisation of Madeira in the span of the upper Miocene/lower Pliocene to the Pleistocene. Although the relict hypothesis cannot be ruled out by our data when assuming extinction events on the European and northern African mainland, dispersal from Central or North America to the archipelago of Madeira is a much more likely explanation of the data.

The Spatial Pattern of Suicides in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S295-S295
Author(s):  
S. Kandrychyn ◽  
R. Yury
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Mortality Pattern ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Regularity ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe regularity in suicide rates in Europe was one of the essential challenges facing social scholars at the end of XIX century.AimsThe present study aims to assess the continuation of this phenomenon in XXI century.MethodsTo explore this phenomenon, suicide rates were obtained from WHO official publications for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2012 across 41 European nations. In order to examine the regularity of spatial suicide pattern, the data sets were subjected to Spearman's rank order correlation analysis.ResultsThe suicide rates rank order distribution between European nations in 1990 was associated with suicide rates in 2000, 2010 and 2012 (rs = .91, .81, and .80, respectively, P < .001). The national suicide death indices show the significant positive correlation over the studied period, what means the definite regularity of suicide mortality pattern and absence of essential changes or fluctuations between the regions. The highest indices have the countries situated on the Northern and Eastern part of the European continent (Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Hungary). On the opposite pole are the nations settled the Mediterranean and British islands. Thus, the fixed gradient in suicide distribution with the growing to the north and northeast of European continent is visible. The same stable vector in suicide spatial distribution is duplicated on the vast territories on the east part of Europe.ConclusionsThe data presented support the idea that spatial regularity in suicide distribution in Europe is not generally connected with social and cultural changes occurred during the centuries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Allium gilanense, a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Iran: evidence from morphological and molecular data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 474 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-292
Author(s):  
ALI BAGHERI ◽  
FRANK R. BLATTNER ◽  
REINHARD M. FRITSCH
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Allium Species ◽  
The North ◽  
North Of Iran

As a result of recent botanical expeditions to the north of Iran, we describe here a new endemic Allium species from Gilan province named Allium gilanense. Molecular and morphological data indicate that it belongs to Allium sect. Codonoprasum. We provide a morphological description, comparing Allium gilanense with the closest relative taxa A. lenkoranicum and A. paniculatum, the preliminary karyotype of the new species, and molecular phylogenetic data derived from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the chloroplast intergenic spacer trnH-psbA. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 16 with 0-3 B chromosomes.

Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Anthospermeae (Rubiaceae): Systematic and biogeographic implications

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cajsa L. Anderson ◽  
Johan H. E. Rova ◽  
Lennart Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Its Region ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Variation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
One Step

Phylogeny of the tribe Anthospermeae is estimated on the basis of nucleotide sequence variation in the ITS region (nuclear ribosomal DNA) and the rps16 intron (plastid DNA). It is concluded that it is dubious whether the tribe is monophyletic including Carpacoce. If Carpacoce does belong to the tribe, then it is the sister group of all other genera. There is no support for the traditional subdivision of the tribe into three subtribes. Anthospermum, Galopina, Nenax and Phyllis form one strongly supported subclade. Coprosma, Durringtonia, Leptostigma, Nertera, Normandia, Opercularia and Pomax form another subclade in all most parsimonious trees, but this subclade lacks jackknife support. Opercularia and Pomax, referred to the subtribe Operculariinae, form a basal grade of this second group. However, trees on which Operculariinae are monophyletic are only one step longer than the most parsimonious ones. Normandia is deeply nested within Coprosma. The subdivision of Coprosma into two subgenera is shown to be artificial. It is suggested that the ancestral area of Anthospermeae is Africa, and that the group was spread by long-distance dispersal to north-eastern Antarctica. It is further suggested that occurrences in Hawaii, Tristan da Cunha, and America are due to long-distance dispersal at a time much later than primary cladogenesis.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships of the nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae from macropodid and vombatid marsupials inferred using mitochondrial protein sequence data

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanapan Sukee ◽  
Ian Beveridge ◽  
Anson V. Koehler ◽  
Ross Hall ◽  
Robin B. Gasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sister Relationship

Abstract Background The subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Superfamily Strongyloidea) comprises nematodes that are parasitic in the gastrointestinal tracts of macropodid (Family Macropodidae) and vombatid (Family Vombatidae) marsupials. Currently, nine genera and 20 species have been attributed to the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae. Previous studies using sequence data sets for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA showed conflicting topologies between the Phascolostrongylinae and related subfamilies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the phylogenetic relationships within the Phascolostrongylinae and its relationship with the families Chabertiidae and Strongylidae using mitochondrial amino acid sequences. Methods The sequences of all 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes were obtained by next-generation sequencing of individual adult nematodes (n = 8) representing members of the Phascolostrongylinae. These sequences were conceptually translated and the phylogenetic relationships within the Phascolostrongylinae and its relationship with the families Chabertiidae and Strongylidae were inferred from aligned, concatenated amino acid sequence data sets. Results Within the Phascolostrongylinae, the wombat-specific genera grouped separately from the genera occurring in macropods. Two of the phascolostrongyline tribes were monophyletic, including Phascolostrongylinea and Hypodontinea, whereas the tribe Macropostrongyloidinea was paraphyletic. The tribe Phascolostrongylinea occurring in wombats was closely related to Oesophagostomum spp., also from the family Chabertiidae, which formed a sister relationship with the Phascolostrongylinae. Conclusion The current phylogenetic relationship within the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae supports findings from a previous study based on ITS sequence data. This study contributes also to the understanding of the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae within the Chabertiidae. Future studies investigating the relationships between the Phascolostrongylinae and Cloacininae from macropodid marsupials may advance our knowledge of the phylogeny of strongyloid nematodes in marsupials. Graphical Abstract

Phylogeny and biogeography of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA psbI–5′trnK(UUU) sequences, with emphasis on the North American Endemics clade

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1039-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Downie ◽  
Deborah S. Katz-Downie ◽  
Feng-Jie Sun ◽  
Chang-Shook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Intergenic Spacers ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
The North

Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships within Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae were investigated using sequence data from the chloroplast DNA psbI–5′trnK(UUU) and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions. One hundred and thirty-one accessions were examined, representing all 17 genera of the tribe and approximately one-half of its species. The cpDNA region includes four intergenic spacers and the rps16 intron and these noncoding loci were analyzed separately to assess their relative utility for resolving relationships. Separate maximum parsimony analyses of the entire psbI–5′trnK(UUU) and ITS regions, each with and without scored indels, yielded concordant trees. Phylogenies derived from maximum parsimony, Bayesian, or maximum likelihood analyses of combined chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences for 82 accessions were highly resolved, well supported, and consistent. Among the five noncoding loci examined, the trnQ(UUG)–5′rps16 and 3′rps16–5′trnK(UUU) intergenic spacers are the most variable, with the latter contributing the greatest total number of parsimony informative characters relative to its size. The North American genera Atrema , Cynosciadium , Daucosma , Limnosciadium , Neogoezia , Oxypolis , Ptilimnium , and Trepocarpus ally with the western hemispheric and Australasian genus Lilaeopsis in a strongly supported North American Endemics clade that is a sister group to a clade composed primarily of Old World taxa ( Berula sensu lato, Cryptotaenia , Helosciadium , and Sium ). Oxypolis and Ptilimnium are not monophyletic, with the rachis-leaved members of each comprising a clade separate from their compound-leaved congeners. Dispersal-vicariance analysis suggests that the ancestors of the North American Endemics clade probably originated in Canada and the USA or in a broader ancestral area including Mexico and South America.

Phylogenetic relationships within Cicuta (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae) inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA sequence data

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Shook Lee ◽  
Stephen R. Downie
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
The North

The genus Cicuta (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae Dumort.) is the most virulently poisonous group of flowering plants native to the north temperate zone. A recent treatment recognized four species ( C. bulbifera L., C. douglasii (DC.) J.M. Coult. & Rose, C. maculata L., and C. virosa L.), with C. maculata divided into four varieties. We present results of phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus and the region bounded by the chloroplast genes psbI and trnK 5′ exon to determine taxonomic limits and relationships among these taxa, and to assess the taxonomic status of C. douglasii, a polyploid thought to be derived from C. maculata and C. virosa. Cicuta bulbifera and C. virosa are each resolved as monophyletic, the latter is a sister group to all other species. Discordance between the ITS- and plastid-derived phylogenies and lack of resolution in the ITS trees preclude unequivocal hypotheses of relationship; all trees do suggest, however, that the allotetraploid C. douglasii is polyphyletic and possibly polytopic, with all examined accessions but one nested within C. maculata. This single outstanding accession is from California and, pending further study, might warrant recognition as a distinct species. The diploid C. bulbifera may also be of hybrid origin, as revealed by significant discordance between data sets. Within C. maculata, only the western North American var. angustifolia Hook. is resolved in the ITS trees. In the cpDNA trees, C. maculata var. angustifolia comprises a strongly supported clade with C. maculata var. bolanderi (S. Watson) G.A. Mulligan and C. douglasii, both of primarily western North American distribution. The eastern North American taxa, C. maculata vars. maculata and victorinii (Fernald) B. Boivin, also comprise a clade, sister group to C. bulbifera.

EVOLUTION OF THE ARALIA–PANAX COMPLEX (ARALIACEAE) AS INFERRED FROM NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL ITS SEQUENCES

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. WEN
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central American ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
The North ◽  
In Series

The Aralia–Panax complex consists of three closely related genera of Araliaceae (Aralia L., Panax L. and Sciadodendron Griseb.), widely distributed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of Asia and the Americas. Three major lineages (Panax, Aralia sect. Aralia, and Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus Miq.) are disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and North America. Comparative sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA was carried out in order to examine the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of this complex. Results suggest Aralia is paraphyletic, with Panax and the Central American monotypic Sciadodendron nested within. The monophyly of Panax (P. trifolius L. maybe excepted), Aralia sect. Aralia (except A. henryi Harms), and Aralia sect. Humiles Harms is supported. The morphologically isolated A. hispida Vent. is embedded within Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus. The phylogenetic data suggest the need to re-examine the generic delimitation of Aralia. None of the presumed intercontinental species pairs between eastern Asia and eastern North America (e.g. Aralia cordata Thunb. and A. racemosa L., A. spinosa L. and A. stipulata Franch., and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. and P. quinquefolius L.) have been supported as sister species, and the floristic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America seems to have been exaggerated by previous workers. Within Aralia sect. Dimorphanthus, the north temperate series Dimorphanthus was paraphyletic, with the subtropical and tropical series Chinensis J. Wen and series Foliolosae J. Wen nested within. This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the hypothesis of morphological stasis among the closely related disjunct taxa between eastern Asia and eastern North America in series Dimorphanthus. Subtropical/tropical Sciadodendron, and Aralia sect. Pentapanax (Seem.) J. Wen are suggested to have derived from temperate elements, although Araliaceae have a generally subtropical and tropical distribution.

PHYLOGENY AND DISJUNCTION IN ROSCOEA (ZINGIBERACEAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. NGAMRIABSAKUL ◽  
M. F. NEWMAN ◽  
Q. C. B. CRONK
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Distinct Taxon ◽  
Its1 And Its2

A phylogenetic study of Roscoea (Zingiberaceae), a high-altitude genus of an otherwise tropical plant family, was undertaken using sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Two species of Cautleya and two species of Curcuma were used as outgroups. This resulted in an aligned matrix of 436bp (ITS1, 203bp; ITS2, 233bp). Sequence divergence of ITS1 and ITS2 within the ingroup ranged from 0–13.9% and 0–7.6% respectively. The results suggest that Roscoea is monophyletic (BS=99%; DI=>3) with the genus Cautleya as sister group. Roscoea itself is divided into two sister clades which correlate with geography: a ‘Chinese’ clade (BS=67%; DI=+2) and a ‘Himalayan’ clade (BS=59%; DI=+1). These two groups are disjunct across the ‘Brahmaputra gap’, a region in which no Roscoea spp. have been recorded. The only species which occurs on both sides of the Brahmaputra gap is Roscoea tibetica. However, the western populations of Roscoea tibetica (from Bhutan) show numerous morphological differences. It is therefore possible that Bhutanese R. tibetica represents a distinct taxon, possibly more closely allied to Himalayan species.

Diversification of the North American Doellingeria-Eucephalus Clade (Astereae: Asteraceae) Inferred from Molecular and Morphological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-942
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Allen ◽  
Luc Brouillet ◽  
John C. Semple ◽  
Heidi J. Guest ◽  
Robert Underhill
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The North ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
Ancient Hybridization

Abstract—Doellingeria and Eucephalus form the earliest-diverging clade of the North American Astereae lineage. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid sequence data show that the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade consists of two main subclades that differ from current circumscriptions of the two genera. Doellingeria is the sister group to E. elegans, and the Doellingeria + E. elegans subclade in turn is sister to the subclade containing all remaining species of Eucephalus. In the plastid phylogeny, the two subclades are deeply divergent, a pattern that is consistent with an ancient hybridization event involving ancestral species of the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade and an ancestral taxon of a related North American or South American group. Divergence of the two Doellingeria-Eucephalus subclades may have occurred in association with northward migration from South American ancestors. We combine these two genera under the older of the two names, Doellingeria, and propose 12 new combinations (10 species and two varieties) for all species of Eucephalus.

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