Quanta Energy Level Structure and the First-Order Freedericksz Transition of Weak Anchoring NLC Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 428-429 ◽  
pp. 402-405
Author(s):  
Rong Hua Guan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Freedericksz Transition ◽  
Energy Level Structure ◽  
First Order ◽  
Liquid Crystal System ◽  
Fréedericksz Transition

The energy problem of weak anchoring nematic liquid crystal (NLC) cell is investigated. For given system, there are four solutions satisfying mechanical equilibrium conditions simultaneity under certain condition. Liquid crystal system exist quanta energy level. The values and sequence of energy levels related to the change of external field and anchoring parameters. The state with the smallest energy is the stable state and the others are metastable states, which are separated by the energy barriers. The Freedericksz transition can be considered as the director slippage through these barriers to the lowest energy level and the first order transition and bistable state result from the existence of the multiple disturbed solutions.

First-order optical Freedericksz transition in a dye-doped nematic liquid crystal

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 878 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Simoni ◽  
D. E. Lucchetta ◽  
L. Lucchetti ◽  
H. L. Ong ◽  
S. V. Serak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Nematic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Freedericksz Transition ◽  
First Order ◽  
Fréedericksz Transition

Effect of Local Atomic Configuration on DX Energy Level

1989 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Baba ◽  
M. Mizuta ◽  
T. Fujisawa ◽  
J. Yoshino ◽  
H. Kukimoto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Lattice Relaxation ◽  
Large Shift ◽  
Substitutional Site ◽  
Energy Level Structure ◽  
Dx Centers ◽  
Local Environments

AbstractThe effects of specific local environments on DX centers were investigated for two different substitutional-site-donors of Si and Te in selectively-doped ordered-alloy samples. Capacitance transient technique under hydrostatic pressure was utilized for the determination of the DX energy-level structure. Downward movement of the energy levels for both Si- and Te-DX centers was observed when Al occupies the 2nd or 1st nearest neighbor site, respectively. A very large shift of the electron-emission activation-energy with pressure was found for the Te-DX centers surrounded by specific Al and Ga mixed-environments, whereas negligible shift for the Si-DX centers was observed regardless of the environment. These effects were discussed in relation to the lattice relaxation of the relevant DX centers.

Energy levels in CaWO4:Tb3+ at high pressure

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (48) ◽  
pp. 32341-32346 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahlik ◽  
E. Cavalli ◽  
M. Amer ◽  
P. Boutinaud
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Energy Level Structure

The energy level structure and the luminescence processes in CaWO4:Tb3+ are determined under hydrostatic pressure across scheelite-to-fergusonite phase transition.

scholarly journals Theory of Astronomical Masers

1988 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Nikolaos D. Kylafis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Population Inversion ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Level System ◽  
Energy Level Structure ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms ◽  
Exact Energy

The theory of astronomical masers is reviewed. As with laboratory masers, masing occurs when a transition between two energy levels of a molecule exhibits inverted populations. In order to present the basic concepts about masers, an idealized two-level system is used. The exact energy level structure is taken into account later on when the pumping of specific molecules is discussed. Unlike laboratory masers, where the radiation must be bounced between two mirrors to accumulate gain, the propagation of radiation in astronomical masers is a lot simpler. This is because astronomical masers are single-pass and broadband. Thus, the main theoretical effort has concentrated on inventing efficient mechanisms that produce population inversion. Specific pumping mechanisms for the three molecules (H2O, SiO, and OH) that exhibit strong masing are presented and their ability to explain the observations is discussed.

Energy level structure of Sc42

1965 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Nelson ◽  
J.D. Oberholtzer ◽  
H.S. Plendl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Energy Level Structure
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