Semi-Solid Processing of Powder Steels in Cryogenically-Cooled Die

By processing steels in the semi-solid state it is possible to achieve unconventional structures even with commonly used steels. This can be demonstrated on X210Cr12 tool steel. After semi-solid state processing, 96% of the microstructure can consist of metastable austenite. In the microstructure, there are polyhedral grains embedded in a ledeburitic network. A combination of semi-solid state processing and rapid solidification is a new method for modifying the microstructure more substantially. In the present experiment, two tool steels, CPM 15V and CPM S30V, were processed by an unconventional method. Since the steels are made by powder metallurgy, their initial structure contains globular carbides in ferritic matrix. Both materials have high levels of carbon and alloying elements, namely vanadium and chromium. The unconventional processing was carried out by mini-thixoforming which enables the use of a small amount of metal. After heating into the semi-solid region, the material was rapidly forced by lateral extrusion into a cavity of a metal die where rapid solidification and rapid cooling took place. Two cooling schedules were employed. In the first case, the die was at room temperature, whereas in the second one it was pre-cooled to-196°C using liquid nitrogen. Since the test sample was cooled from both sides and its thickness was 3 mm, immensely high cooling rates were achieved. The influence of the cooling rate was also noticeable in the microstructures containing high fractions of metastable austenite, martensite and carbides.

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Mechanical Characterization of Ceramic Nano B4C- Al2618 Alloy Composites Synthesized by Semi Solid State Processing

Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society ◽

10.1080/0371750x.2018.1506363 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 146-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Madeva Nagaral ◽

Shivananda Kalgudi ◽

Virupaxi Auradi ◽

Shivaputrappa Amarappa Kori

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Mechanical Characterization ◽

Semi Solid ◽

State Processing

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Metastable structure of austenite base obtained by rapid solidification in a semi-solid state

Journal of Alloys and Compounds ◽

10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.12.211 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 509 ◽

pp. S312-S315 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

D. Aisman ◽

H. Jirkova ◽

L. Kucerova ◽

B. Masek

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Rapid Solidification ◽

Metastable Structure ◽

Semi Solid

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Modelling of morphology evolution and macroscopic behaviour of intercalated PET–clay nanocomposites during semi-solid state processing

Composites Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.12.002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C. Pisano ◽

Ł. Figiel

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Clay Nanocomposites ◽

Morphology Evolution ◽

Semi Solid ◽

State Processing

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Development of Unconventional Processing of Steels in Semi-Solid State

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.251 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 256 ◽

pp. 251-256

Author(s):

Bohuslav Mašek ◽

David Aišman ◽

Filip Vančura ◽

Martin F.X. Wagner ◽

Hana Jirková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

High Temperature ◽

Solid State ◽

Severe Plastic Deformation ◽

Rapid Solidification ◽

Process Conditions ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

Semi Solid

This paper describes selected capabilities of unconventional processing of steels in semi-solid state under various process conditions and with the use of various steel chemistries for obtaining unusual structures formed by rapid solidification in combination with other procedures. This investigation involves the use of severe plastic deformation techniques (SPD) and in-situ observation of the transformation of microstructure from solid state to semi-solid state at temperatures above 1200°C using a high-temperature microscope.

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Semi-Solid High Pressure Die Casting of Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Liquid State Processing

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.61 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 192-193 ◽

pp. 61-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lilian Ivanchev ◽

Sigqibo Templeton Camagu ◽

Gonasagren Govender

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Solid State ◽

Metal Matrix Composites ◽

Liquid State ◽

Metal Matrix ◽

Die Casting ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Pressure Die Casting ◽

State Processing

There are two main technologies for manufacturing of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC), solid state and liquid state processing. The great challenge of producing cast metal matrix composites is to prevent agglomeration of particulates. This tendency is more pronounced with decreasing the particulate size to fine micro- and nano size. A method for producing MMC was successfully implemented for mixing hybrid, nano and low micron sized, reinforcing particles in an aluminium alloy matrix. The hybrid SiC particles were produced by milling 3µm to 5µm SiC particles to a particle size range between 2.5µm and 150 nm. The hybrid particles were mixed with A356 aluminium alloy under combined magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) and mechanical stirring. The composite was then transferred to a High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) machine in the semi-solid state. The micron size particles were found to be predominantly in the intergranular eutectic while the nano-particles were predominantly in the primary α-Al grains. Increased ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and hardness were achieved for the new cast metal matrix hybrid component (MMHC) alloy.

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Aspects of cost analysis in semi-solid state processing

Journal of Research and Innovation for Sustainable Society ◽

10.33727/jriss.2021.2.3:27-30 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 27-30

Author(s):

Adrian Constantin Tanasie

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Cost Analysis ◽

Semi Solid ◽

State Processing

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Steels with High Temperature Carbides - New Possibilities for Semi-Solid State Processing

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.325 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 217-218 ◽

pp. 325-331

Author(s):

Hana Jirková ◽

Kateřina Rubešová ◽

Vít Pileček ◽

Mária Behúlová

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Alloying Elements ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Austenite Grains ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Carbide Particles ◽

Powder Metallurgy Methods ◽

State Processing ◽

Suitable Process

Semi-solid processing of steels is typically studied using high-alloy steels with higher carbon levels, as those offer a long freezing range which is favourable for conducting the process. The drawback to their application is their microstructure which typically consists of austenite grains embedded in ledeburitic network. This type of microstructure typically fails in brittle manner by fracturing along the interface of the hard network and ductile austenite grains. This is why a way was sought to altering or even inverting the configuration of the microstructure. Eventually, suitable steel chemistries were found which allow the inverted microstructure to be obtained. With regard to the high content of alloy additions, these steels have to be made by powder metallurgy methods. Five different steels of this kind were selected for the experimental programme. All contained high amounts of alloying elements and a large fraction of carbides. Their carbon content was taken into account as well, ranging from 0.55 to 3.4 %. Differences between the steels consisted in the levels of major alloying elements, namely chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten and cobalt. After suitable process parameters were found, semi-solid processing was used to prepare demonstration products. The transition through semi-solid state transformed the ferritic matrix to austenitic-martensitic one, in which the high-stability carbides were retained. The resulting microstructures were of unconventional nature where carbide particles were embedded in tough metal matrix. Their configuration was thus inverted in contrast to the ones typically obtained by semi-solid processing of tool steels.

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Steel X210Cr12 Forming in Semi-Solid State

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.461 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 214 ◽

pp. 461-466

Author(s):

Mária Behúlová ◽

David Aišman ◽

Hana Jirková ◽

Bohuslav Mašek

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Metal Forming ◽

Material Flow ◽

Solid Metal ◽

Metal Casting ◽

Metastable Austenite ◽

Newtonian Flow ◽

2D Simulation ◽

Cavity Filling ◽

Semi Solid

Semi-solid forming processes belong to the progressive technologies which can be exploited for the manufacturing products with complicated shapes and special material and utility properties. Semi-solid metal forming takes place at temperatures between solidus and liquidus combining the advantages of metal forging and metal casting processes. The paper is focused on the analysis of microstructures and phase composition of the X210Cr12 steel identified in the thin-walled products after forming in semi-solid state. Microstructure of the X210Cr12 steel after rapid cooling and solidification from semi-solid state is formed by quasi-globular grains of metastable austenite surrounded by carbides and fine eutectics. The fraction of metastable austenite in structure was found to be 96 % exhibiting the thermal stability up to the temperature of 500 °C. Along with experimental study, the numerical analysis of the material flow during a die cavity filling was carried out using developed 2D simulation model taking into account one-phase non-newtonian flow.

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