ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Pupal Chamber

AbstractThe physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

The penetration and growth of blue-stain fungi in the sapwood of lodgepole pine attacked by mountain pine beetle

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1724-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The growth of blue-stain fungi was investigated in naturally blue-stained lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) sapwood. Events occurring at the leading edge of hyphal penetration were studied. Fungi are initially confined to the sapwood rays. Hyphae readily penetrate the primary cell walls of ray parenchyma cells and proliferate within. Hyphae also grow freely in the region of the middle lamella of the rays. Host cell walls are breeched mechanically by a penetration peg originating from an appressoriumlike structure. Eventually, hyphae enter tracheids by penetrating the primary cell walls of pinoid, half-bordered pit pairs. Within the tracheid, fungal hyphae grow in a longitudinal fashion, branching infrequently. Hyphae may pass from tracheid to tracheid via bordered pit pairs. Ensuing water stress and eventual tree death is discussed in light of histological evidence presented.

Early stages of blue-stain fungus invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood following mountain pine beetle attack

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

Invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood by blue-stain fungi was followed for 7 weeks after infestation by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. During this period all sapwood was heavily stained blue and blue-stain fungi were always isolated close to the front of visible occlusion. Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium were commonly isolated, both of which are known to be carried in the mycangia of the mountain pine beetle. Ophiostoma montium was most frequently isolated, but when both fungi were present O. clavigerum was always at the leading edge of fungal penetration. On average O. montium trailed 7.3 mm behind O. clavigerum. Other microorganisms were seldom isolated. Key words: lodgepole pine, Dendroctonus ponderosae, fungal succession, blue-stain fungi.

REACTIONS OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO ATTACK BY DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS AND BLUE STAIN FUNGI

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Reid ◽  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
J. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The reaction in lodgepole pine in response to attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae and subsequent infection by blue stain fungi varies with the degree of resistance manifested by the tree. In both resistant and successfully attacked trees a sequence of changes, which increase in space with time, occurs in the inner bark and sapwood. In resistant trees a condition termed secondary resinosis develops which is lethal to bark beetle broods and blue stain fungi. In contrast, successfully infested trees do not exhibit secondary resinosis, and bark beetle broods and blue stain fungi survive and complete their development. In resistant trees blue stain fungi are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the extensive reaction and condition of secondary resinosis which is associated with the insect gallery. Changes in stem tissues associated with wounding are discussed.

Taxonomy and chemistry of a new fungus from bark beetle infested Pinus contorta var. latifolia. Part 1. Arthrographis pinicola sp.nov.

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Sigler ◽  
Yuichi Yamaoka ◽  
Yasuyuki Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ips Latidens

Arthrographis pinicola sp.nov. (Hyphomycetes) is described; it was isolated from galleries and adult beetles of Ips latidens and from galleries of Dendroctonus ponderosae in Pinus contorta var. latifolia in western Canada. In I. latidens infested lodgepole pine, this species extensively colonizes nuptial chambers and egg galleries, characteristically forming floccose conidiomata composed of repeatedly branched hyphae which divide to form arthroconidia having schizolytic dehiscence. The fungus is antagonistic to some blue stain fungi in vitro. Arthrographis pinicola is compared with other species of Arthrographis, and with Arthropsis microsperma and the discomycete Pezizella chapmanii. Key words: Arthrographis pinicola, Hyphomycetes, bark beetle fungi, antifungal compound, arthrographol.

BLUE STAIN FUNGI IN LODGEPOLE PINE (PINUS CONTORTA DOUGL. VAR. LATIFOLIA ENGELM.) INFESTED BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS MONTICOLAE HOPK.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robena C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ceratocystis Minor

A complex of fungi was isolated from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) at various stages of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.) attack. Ceratocystis montia Rumb., Leptographium sp., Pichia pini (Hoist) Phaff, Hansenula holstii Wickerham, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and some unnamed yeasts were isolated from beetles, fresh galleries, and blue-stained sapwood. Perithecia of C. montia, Ceratocystis minor (Hedgc.) Hunt, Ceratocystis minuta (Siem.) Hunt, Ceratocystis sp., and Europhium sp. were found on the bark and sapwood of dead, blue-stained trees. Beetles are conclusively shown to be vectors of blue stain fungi. The known ranges of C. montia and P. pini are extended by this study and a possible succession of organisms associated with the development of beetle infestation is discussed.

OBSERVATIONS ON A TRIAL OF BROADCAST BURNING TO CONTROL AN INFESTATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Stock ◽  
R.A. Gorley
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., causes extensive mortality of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., throughout western North America (Van Sickle 1982). The Prince Rupert Forest Region, in the northwest of British Columbia, initiated an aggressive beetle management program in 1981. Logging of infested stands, and winter felling and burning of individual infested trees are the most common direct control techniques.The “Bristol Lake” infestation developed in the Bulkley Forest District, approximately 55 km northwest of Smithers, B.C., on a steep rocky ridge within the valley of Harold Price Creek. The area contained large volumes of mature lodgepole pine, and control of the infestation was therefore considered critical to the local beetle management plan, but the size (50 ha) and rough topography of the infested area precluded normal direct control measures.

Blue-stain fungi in xylem of lodgepole pine: a light-microscope study on extent of hyphal distribution

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Pine Beetles

In midsummer mountain pine beetles emerge from lodgepole pine trees and fly to unattacked trees. While chewing vertical egg galleries in the inner bark of the tree, they inoculate into it a blue-stain fungus complex. Initially, the fungi are confined to the beetle frass of the egg gallery, but they soon grow into the sapwood. The fungi spread radially via the parenchyma of the xylem rays. Once established in the xylem rays, fungal hyphae move into the tracheids of the axial water-conducting system. Here they occlude bordered-pit pairs and occasionally the entire lumen of the cell. Fungal hyphae also attack and destroy resin-duct epithelial cells. This may result in release of resin into surrounding tissues. Destruction of storage and water-conducting tissues in the tree trunk is detrimental to renewed shoot tip expansion the following spring.

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