Erratum: Reactions of lodgepole pine to attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins and blue stain fungi

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-523
Author(s):  
R. W. Reid ◽  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
J. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Pupal Chamber

AbstractThe physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.

Early stages of blue-stain fungus invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood following mountain pine beetle attack

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium

Invasion of lodgepole pine sapwood by blue-stain fungi was followed for 7 weeks after infestation by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. During this period all sapwood was heavily stained blue and blue-stain fungi were always isolated close to the front of visible occlusion. Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium were commonly isolated, both of which are known to be carried in the mycangia of the mountain pine beetle. Ophiostoma montium was most frequently isolated, but when both fungi were present O. clavigerum was always at the leading edge of fungal penetration. On average O. montium trailed 7.3 mm behind O. clavigerum. Other microorganisms were seldom isolated. Key words: lodgepole pine, Dendroctonus ponderosae, fungal succession, blue-stain fungi.

REACTIONS OF LODGEPOLE PINE TO ATTACK BY DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS AND BLUE STAIN FUNGI

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Reid ◽  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
J. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The reaction in lodgepole pine in response to attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae and subsequent infection by blue stain fungi varies with the degree of resistance manifested by the tree. In both resistant and successfully attacked trees a sequence of changes, which increase in space with time, occurs in the inner bark and sapwood. In resistant trees a condition termed secondary resinosis develops which is lethal to bark beetle broods and blue stain fungi. In contrast, successfully infested trees do not exhibit secondary resinosis, and bark beetle broods and blue stain fungi survive and complete their development. In resistant trees blue stain fungi are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the extensive reaction and condition of secondary resinosis which is associated with the insect gallery. Changes in stem tissues associated with wounding are discussed.

Blue-stain fungi in xylem of lodgepole pine: a light-microscope study on extent of hyphal distribution

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetles ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Pine Beetles

In midsummer mountain pine beetles emerge from lodgepole pine trees and fly to unattacked trees. While chewing vertical egg galleries in the inner bark of the tree, they inoculate into it a blue-stain fungus complex. Initially, the fungi are confined to the beetle frass of the egg gallery, but they soon grow into the sapwood. The fungi spread radially via the parenchyma of the xylem rays. Once established in the xylem rays, fungal hyphae move into the tracheids of the axial water-conducting system. Here they occlude bordered-pit pairs and occasionally the entire lumen of the cell. Fungal hyphae also attack and destroy resin-duct epithelial cells. This may result in release of resin into surrounding tissues. Destruction of storage and water-conducting tissues in the tree trunk is detrimental to renewed shoot tip expansion the following spring.

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

The penetration and growth of blue-stain fungi in the sapwood of lodgepole pine attacked by mountain pine beetle

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1724-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ballard ◽  
M. A. Walsh ◽  
W. E. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The growth of blue-stain fungi was investigated in naturally blue-stained lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) sapwood. Events occurring at the leading edge of hyphal penetration were studied. Fungi are initially confined to the sapwood rays. Hyphae readily penetrate the primary cell walls of ray parenchyma cells and proliferate within. Hyphae also grow freely in the region of the middle lamella of the rays. Host cell walls are breeched mechanically by a penetration peg originating from an appressoriumlike structure. Eventually, hyphae enter tracheids by penetrating the primary cell walls of pinoid, half-bordered pit pairs. Within the tracheid, fungal hyphae grow in a longitudinal fashion, branching infrequently. Hyphae may pass from tracheid to tracheid via bordered pit pairs. Ensuing water stress and eventual tree death is discussed in light of histological evidence presented.

Inoculation of lodgepole pine with four blue-stain fungi associated with mountain pine beetle, monitored by a heat pulse velocity (HPV) instrument

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
R. H. Swanson ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

In two separate experiments in the field, healthy 80-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi that are associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) and beetle-attacked trees. Inocula of Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) Harrington, O, huntii (Robins.-Jeff.) de Hoog & Scheffer, O. montium (Rumb.) von Arx, and O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Sydow were prepared on sawdust media. Inoculum was placed under the bark in two areas (8 × 5 cm each), one above the other, separated by a 15-cm space in which heat pulse velocity (HPV) sensors were installed. HPVs in the inoculated trees were monitored daily for 4 weeks. In sections inoculated with O. clavigerum, HPVs were significantly reduced 10 to 13 days after inoculation in both experiments. Sapwood under the inoculated area was visibly altered and colonized by the fungus. The other three fungi did not significantly reduce HPVs. These results proved the capability of O. clavigerum to colonize functional sapwood and stop sap flow within a short period of time and reconfirmed the importance of this fungus in the mortality of trees attacked by mountain pine beetle.

Virulence of, and interactions among, mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi on two pine species and their hybrids in Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Rice ◽  
M.N. Thormann ◽  
D.W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Hybrid Pine

Mountain pine beetle (MPB) is the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in western Canada, and it is predicted to spread into boreal jack pine within the next few years. Colonization of host trees by MPB-associated blue-stain fungi appears to be required for successful beetle reproduction. Three species of blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer, and Wingfield (≡ Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson) Harrington), Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, and Leptographium longiclavatum Lee, Kim, and Breuil, are associated with MPB in Alberta. In inoculation experiments, all three fungi caused lesions on lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids. On average, lesions were longer on jack pine and hybrids than on lodgepole pine, suggesting that fungal development will not be a barrier to MPB success in these trees. Differences in lesion length caused by the three fungal species were minimal, with significant differences observed only on hybrid pine and between O. montium and the other fungal treatments. On average, lesions caused by combinations of the three fungi (pair-wise and all together) did not differ significantly in length from those caused by the fungi singly, and none of the fungal species competitively excluded any of the others. These observations suggest that all three species are pathogenic to boreal pines and that the virulence of all three species is comparable.

Rate of increase of blue stained volume in mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A.

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Harvey Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Recently killed lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) were examined to determine rate of spread of blue stain fungi introduced by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.). Trees were felled, dissected at 2.5-m intervals, and photographed at each cross section to determine area of stain. Rate of spread is so rapid that salvaging mountain pine beetle killed lodgepole pine prior to severe staining is difficult.

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