The review is devoted to the consideration of the most common drugs currently used in the treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome. Mechanisms of pharmacological activity of glucocorticosteroids, ACTH, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, alkylating compounds cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, levamisole, abatacept, rituximab and a number of other recently created monoclonal antibodies. An attempt is made to separate the immune and non-immune mechanisms of action of the most common drugs, concerning both the impact on the immunogenetics of the noted diseases and the direct impact on the podocytes that provide permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier and the development of proteinuria. It is shown that the immune mechanisms of corticosteroids are caused by interaction with glucocorticoid receptors of lymphocytes, and nonimmune – with stimulation of the same receptors in podocytes. It was found that the activation of adrenocorticotropic hormone melanocortin receptors contributes to the beneficial effect of the drug in nephrotic syndrome. It is discussed that the immune mechanism of calcineurin inhibitors is provided by the suppression of tissue and humoral immunity, and the non-immune mechanism is largely due to the preservation of the activity of podocyte proteins such as synaptopodin and cofilin. Evidence is presented to show that the beneficial effect of rituximab in glomerulopathies is related to the interaction of the drug with the protein SMPDL-3b in lymphocytes and podocytes. The mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, which causes the suppression of the synthesis of guanosine nucleotides in both lymphocytes and glomerular mesangium cells, are considered. It is emphasized that the effect of levamisole in nephrotic syndrome is probably associated with the normalization of the ratio of cytokines produced by various T-helpers, as well as with an increase in the expression and activity of glucocorticoid receptors. The mechanisms of pharmacological activity of a number of monoclonal antibodies, as well as galactose, the beneficial effect of which may be provided by binding to the supposed permeability factor produced by lymphocytes, are considered.
Nevi, dysplastic nevi, and melanoma: Molecular and immune mechanisms involving the progression
