Information Economics

Information economics can be best described as a shift in the traditional neoclassical assumption of perfect information. Neoclassical economics assumes that all actors have access to perfect information and are rational in their behavior. Over the years, as scholars have realized that the assumptions of neoclassical economics are not an accurate reflection of the real world, other research streams have developed that relax these assumptions. Information economics is one such stream, arguing that actors or parties have differential access to information, which raises the concern of adverse selection and moral hazard when the actors or parties participate in a transaction. Adverse selection occurs when one party has more information about the product or service than the other party and it leads to a less profitable or riskier transaction for the uninformed party. Alternatively, moral hazard occurs after the transaction, where one party has an incentive to engage in risky behavior when the other party bears the cost of failure. Information economics offers insights to both these concerns and offers solutions in the form of signaling and protection mechanisms. Signaling theory, a component of information economics, addresses how one party can credibly convey information to its potential exchange partners to facilitate transactions. The concepts of information asymmetry and signaling have been widely used in economics and business research to understand concepts ranging from game theoretic models of investments to principal–agent relationships to adverse selection problems in transactions. Information economics offers strong foundations for research within management as it helps understand several phenomena related to organizational transactions. For instance, corporate strategy scholars have utilized the predictions stemming from information economics in acquisition research to study target search, selection, signaling behavior, acquisition contracting, premiums, and governance. Information economics also has broad potential to affect firms’ organizational governance and entry mode choices. The following paragraphs will discuss how this theory has been developed and provide a few applications of information economics in strategy and management research.

Recent Developments in the Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Organic Artifacts

Cultural heritage (CH) represents human identity and evidence of the existence and activities that people have left over time. In response to the action of aggressive degrading factors, different materials have been developed and used to protect cultural heritage artifacts. The discovery of optimal materials for this purpose also raises several problems, mainly related to their compatibility with the support material, the most important aspect being that they must preserve their aesthetic characteristics. In this context, the present review paper aims to provide a critical discussion about the possibilities of using different inorganic nanomaterials and recipes for the conservation of cultural heritage objects of organic nature (such as paper, wood, and other support materials). In addition, also are covered different aspect concerning protection mechanisms and application methods as well as future perspectives in this area.

Minority investor protection mechanisms and agency costs: An empirical study using a World Bank–developed approach

This study aims to examine the impact of minority investor protection mechanisms on agency costs. All relevant indicators of minority investor protection adapted from the World Bank’s annual ‘Doing Business’ reports, along with concentrated government ownership, are employed with a panel data sample of 135 Vietnamese listed firms during the period 2014–2018. It is found that the following mechanisms are effective in mitigating agency costs and hence agency problems at the firm level: 1) review and approval requirements for related-party transactions; 2) minority shareholders’ ability to sue and hold directors liable for their duties; 3) minority shareholders’ access to internal corporate documents; 4) investors’ rights to approve major corporate investment and sale of asset decisions; and 5) disclosure in annual reports of salaries, bonuses and other forms of remuneration to directors and management. Interestingly, board independence and controlling government shareholders are not confirmed to play significant roles in addressing agency problems. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt at testing for the impact of minority investor protection mechanisms developed by the World Bank on agency costs at the firm level, hence providing empirical evidence for the adoption of the minority investor protection mechanisms promoted by the World Bank. This study also provides policy implications for selecting effective mechanisms to mitigate agency conflicts between controlling shareholders and minority investors in order to enhance the financial performance of firms in an Asian emerging market.

Human Rights Protection in Occupied Territories

The chapter discusses the protection mechanisms of human rights in occupied territories, namely it concerns the issue of application of international human rights law and international humanitarian law in occupied territories. The author gives detailed information about the main system for administration of occupied territories, in particular about the conventional and customary law, as well as secondary resources such as court decisions and UN resolutions. The chapter analyses international treaties, customary law, and case law to identify the main problems related to human rights protection in occupied territories, the positive obligations of states to protect population living in occupied territories, and the relevance of existing legal norms with the state practice.

Knowledge about antineoplastic drugs: implications for the health of nursing workers in a general hospital

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand, from a worker’s health perspective, the knowledge of nursing professionals about the use of antineoplastic drugs in a general hospital. Methods: a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach. It was conducted at a university hospital, between April and August 2018, with 35 nursing professionals who responded to a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was used for data treatment. Results: from the data, three thematic categories emerged, related to the nursing professionals’ knowledge about antineoplastic drugs and their effects on workers’ health; situations in which exposure to these drugs occurs; and protection mechanisms for the patient, the environment, and the worker. Final Considerations: the nursing professionals had little knowledge about antineoplastic drugs. The practices related to handling and the necessary protective measures to deal with these drugs were empirically determined and relatively subsidized the knowledge acquired by the professionals.

Implementation Of Docker Container On Local Network By Applying Reverse Proxy

Virtualization is an implementation of a software. Virtualization technology has changed the direction of the computer industrial revolution by reducing capital costs and operating costs. The availability of a virtualization will also increase the availability of higher services and data protection mechanisms. Docker is configured to create multiple containers on a network, each container containing one image. The three containers will be created in one compose where each container is connected to each other for WordPress configuration and two composers will be created. Furthermore, from each compose a reverse proxy configuration is carried out which aims to set a different domain address. Lighten computer performance and can reduce the required storage so as to make hosting more effective and efficient. Containers also provide a security advantage over complete control over management running on separate, isolated containers.

Behavioral and Comparative Analysis of the Information Paradigm in Consumer Law

This article examines the issue of information asymmetry in consumer law and deliberates on the necessity of regulation of the status of a consumer and their protection mechanisms. It is evident that the relevant Georgian law, by and large, does not guarantee the sufficient safeguarding level and thus the approximation to the respective EU legislation cannot be deemed successful in toto. Furthermore, this article analyzes the Draft Law of Georgia on the Protection of Consumer Rights and displays the possible challenges. In addition, the special emphasis is on consumer credit contracts. In the wake of the growing importance of behavioral analysis and its impact on the law and economics, the standard of an in- formed and rational consumer, which constitutes a cornerstone of the EU consumer law, is now highly debated. By reviewing some findings in behavioral law and economics, along with the international legislation and case law, it is argued that some im- plications of behavioralism should be taken into account in the field of consumer law.

ONE APPROACH TO ACCELERATE THE EXPONENTIATION ON GALOIS FIELDS FOR DATA PROTECTION CRYPTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS

The new approach to accelerate the computational implementation of the basic for a wide range of cryptographic data protection mechanisms operation of exponentiation on Galois Fields have been proposed. The approach is based on the use of a specific property of a polynomial square and the Montgomery reduction. A new method of squaring reduces the amount of computation by 25% compared to the known ones. Based on the developed method, the exponentiation on Galois Fields procedure has been modified, which allows to reduce the amount of calculations by 20%.

Bio-Inspired Microwave Modulator for High-Temperature Electromagnetic Protection, Infrared Stealth and Operating Temperature Monitoring

High-temperature electromagnetic (EM) protection materials integrated of multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions are regarded as desirable candidates for solving EM interference over a wide temperature range. In this work, a novel microwave modulator is fabricated by introducing carbonyl iron particles (CIP)/resin into channels of carbonized wood (C-wood). Innovatively, the spaced arrangement of two microwave absorbents not only achieves a synergistic enhancement of magnetic and dielectric losses, but also breaks the translational invariance of EM characteristics in the horizontal direction to obtain multiple phase discontinuities in the frequency range of 8.2–18.0 GHz achieving modulation of reflected wave radiation direction. Accordingly, CIP/C-wood microwave modulator demonstrates the maximum effective bandwidth of 5.2 GHz and the maximum EM protection efficiency over 97% with a thickness of only 1.5 mm in the temperature range 298–673 K. Besides, CIP/C-wood microwave modulator shows stable and low thermal conductivities, as well as monotonic electrical conductivity-temperature characteristics, therefore it can also achieve thermal infrared stealth and working temperature monitoring in wide temperature ranges. This work provides an inspiration for the design of high-temperature EM protection materials with multiple EM protection mechanisms and functions.