RELATIONSHIPS OF TEAT CONFORMATION AND UDDER HEIGHT TO MILK FLOW RATE AND MILK PRODUCTION IN HOLSTEINS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. MOORE ◽  
SUSAN HIGGINS ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY ◽  
E. B. BURNSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Friesian Cows

Teat conformation characteristics, udder height, total milking yield, 2-min yield, 2-min yield adjusted for the linear and quadratic effects of total milking yield, and 305-day milk and fat yields were recorded on 377 Holstein-Friesian cows in 18 herds. Simple relationships of teat conformation measures and udder height to milk flow rate and production traits which were significant (P < 0.05) were as follows. Mean 2-min, total milking, and 305-day milk yields were lower for plumb front teats than for front teats that were not plumb. Cows with plumb rear teats also had lower total milking yields. Cows with cylindrical teats, both front and rear, had lower total milking yields than cows with funnel teats. Teat length was positively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Teat diameter measures taken at proximal, medial and distal locations of the teat were positively correlated with all production traits, and rear teat diameter measures were positively correlated with 2-min yield. Udder height was positively correlated with adjusted 2-min yield and negatively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Least squares analyses, which corrected for the effects of herd, age of cow at calving, and stage of lactation, were conducted, and significant (P < 0.05) effects were as follows. Cows with cylindrical teats produced 0.7–0.8 kg less total milk at milking than cows with funnel teats. Rear teat diameter was more highly related to milk production than front teat diameter. Proximal and distal diameter of the rear teat was positively associated with all three production traits, and medial rear teat diameter was positively associated with total milking and 305-day milk yields. Also, proximal diameter of the rear teat had a positive relationship with 2-min yield. Total milking yield was positively influenced by front teat proximal and medial diameters, but medial diameter had a negative effect on adjusted 2-min yield. Udder height influenced all traits. High udders had relatively higher milk flow rates but lower milk and fat production. Each centimetre increase in udder height was associated with a 46-kg decrease in 305-day milk. Heritabilities of 2-min yield, adjusted 2-min yield, 305-day milk yield and 305-day fat yield were 0.17, 0.27, 0.18, and 0.50, respectively.

Overmilking causes deterioration in teat-end condition of dairy cows in late lactation

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Paul Edwards ◽  
Bernadette O'Brien ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos ◽  
Jenny G Jago
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Mixed Age ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of varying degrees of overmilking on teat-end hyperkeratosis, milk production variables and indicators of udder health during late lactation. This was examined by assessing the effect of four end-of-milking criteria on 181 spring-calving, mixed-age Holstein-Friesian cows, at an average 217±24 d in milk, over a six-week period. The four treatments were: remove cluster once milk flow rate fell to 0·2 kg/min plus 5 s (Ovr0), plus 120 s (Ovr2), plus 300 s (Ovr5), and plus 540 s (Ovr9). Daily measurements included individual cow milk yield, milking duration, overmilking duration, maximum milk flow rate, milk flow rate at cluster removal and the number of cluster re-attachments. Individual cow bulk milk samples were collected weekly at AM and PM milkings to determine composition (fat, protein and lactose) and somatic cell count (SCC; AM only). Teat-end hyperkeratosis score was assessed at weeks 0, 3, 5 and 6. At week 6 mean teat-end hyperkeratosis score of the Ovr2 treatment was not greater than Ovr0, whilst Ovr5 was greater than Ovr2 and Ovr9 was greater than Ovr5 and Ovr2. Milk production, milking characteristics and SCC were not different between treatments, except milking duration and milk flow rate at cluster removal. However, higher teat-end hyperkeratosis scores may have a longer-term impact on indicators of udder health if teat-end condition reaches severe levels. Results indicate that to minimise changes in teat-end condition overmilking should be limited to 2 min, which has implications for milking management in large parlours not fitted with automatic cluster removers.

scholarly journals Temperament of Holstein Friesian cows in milking parlour and its relation to milk production

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szentléleki ◽  
Jeremy Hervé ◽  
Ferenc Pajor ◽  
Daniel Falta ◽  
János Tőzsér
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of temperament of Holstein cows scored before and during milking during the entire lactation and to calculate correlation between temperament measured in the two moments as well as milk production traits and temperament. Observations were carried out on 17 primiparous Holstein Friesian cows starting their lactation within 85 days. Measurements of temperament and milk production traits were taken once in each month of the lactation, during the morning milking, in a milking parlour. Temperament was assessed in a 5-point scale during udder preparation and milking procedure (1: very nervous, 5: very quiet). Data of milk yield and milk flow were collected individually on each test day morning. Results showed changes during the lactation in temperament of cows scored directly before milking (P < 0.01), however, temperament during milking did not alter with months (P > 0.10). By correlation coefficients, behaviour assessed in the two moments cannot be regarded as the same. In addition loose, significant relations were found only between milk traits and temperament before milking.

scholarly journals L-selectin gene polymorphism and its association with clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, and milk production in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dusza ◽  
J. Pokorska ◽  
J. Makulska ◽  
D. Kulaj ◽  
M. Cupial
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Somatic Cell Score ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Bovine mastitis is a widespread disease of the mammary gland, highly contributing to the increase in veterinary costs in dairy industry. In the present study, the genetic polymorphism within bovine L-selectin gene was analysed and its impact on clinical mastitis occurrence, somatic cell score (SCS), and milk production traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows was examined. Polymorphism within L-selectin gene, molecule responsible for neutrophil attachment to endothelium, might have a potential role in immune response to bacterial infections and udder health. Two hundred and six Polish Holstein-Friesian cows were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms mutations within the coding sequence of L-selectin gene were identified (c.165G&gt;A and c.567C&gt;T). The effect of c.165G&gt;A and c.567C&gt;T mutations on SCS was highly significant (P = 0.0019 and P = 0.0003, respectively). Strong associations (P ≤ 0.0001) were also observed between L-selectin polymorphism and milk production traits (milk yield, milk fat percentage, and milk protein percentage). However, the polymorphism in the analysed gene had no influence on the resistance or susceptibility of cows to clinical mastitis (only the tendency toward significance, P = 0.06 for c.567C&gt;T mutation was found). Potential exploitation of the information on the identified associations in genetic selection needs to confirm the obtained results in further investigations.

Influence of liner design on mouthpiece chamber vacuum during milking

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janthea A. Newman ◽  
Robert J. Grindal ◽  
M. Clare Butler
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Characteristic Pattern ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Slow Flow ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Slow Flow Rate ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThree types of liner (wide bore tapered, wide bore and narrow bore) were compared in a change-over design experiment comprising three 3-d periods and using six lactating Holstein Friesian cows with a wide range in milk flow rate and teat dimensions. Vacuum levels measured within the liner showed a characteristic pattern of three distinct phases: 1, a mouthpiece chamber (MPC) vacuum that fluctuated with vacuum beneath the teat; 2, a stable MPC vacuum that coincided with the period of peak milk flow and 3, a MPC vacuum that fluctuated with pressure changes in the pulsation chamber and coincided with the period of no or reduced flow. Of the three liners examined, the Gascoigne 1030A (wide bore tapered) induced the highest MPC vacuum (29·4 ± 2·23 kPa, mean ± s.e.m), significantly higher (P < 0·01) than the Alfa-Laval 960000–01 wide bore (23·5 ± 2·32), regardless of teat size and milk flow rate. The Alfa-Laval 7275737–01 (narrow bore) gave a significantly lower value (16·5 ± 1·96) than either of the others (P < 0·001). It was not possible to link absolutely raised MPC vacuum to cow discomfort and teat trauma but circumstantial evidence encourages this view. Narrow teats in combination with slow flow rate appeared to exacerbate MPC vacuum and, because milking time for such animals was protracted, teats were exposed for longer periods.

Dynamic responses of the dairy cow's teat to step changes in pressure

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybren Y. Reitsma ◽  
Norman R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYDynamic responses of the teat end, measured as changes in external diameter and milk flow-rate, due to step changes in pressure, uniformly applied to the whole teat, are presented. The experiment involved a front and a rear teat of each of 6 Holstein–Friesian cows. The measured variables were: (1) step change in pressure, (2) milk flow-rate, (3) step change in external teat end diameter, (4) rise times of pressure and teat end diameter changes, (5) fall times of pressure and teat end diameter changes, and (6) delay times between pressure and teat end diameter changes both at start of rise and of fall times. A statistical analysis showed that front teats expanded more than rear teats (P < 0·05). Several other findings of importance to any system of milk removal through the streak canal of the teat are discussed.

Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: food intake, milk constituent output and live weight

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 100-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D Sutton ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
D.E Beever ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Friesian Cows

The importance of measuring partition between body and milk in dairy cows and identifying the factors underlying it has long been recognised. However accurate measurements of partition In the body are few because of the difficulty and expense of the techniques.The purpose of the present experiment was to measure the effects in autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum of amount of concentrate and stage of lactation on body composition by direct (Gibb et al 1992a, b) and Indirect (Kings et al 1992) techniques, adipose tissue metabolism (Walsh et al 1992) and milk production. In a related trial, energy balance was measured in other cows by Indirect calorimetry (Cammell et al 1992).This report covers silage Intake, milk production and live-weight change. Communications on the associated studies are given in the Proceedings of this Meeting.

scholarly journals Beta-Casein Gene Polymorphism in Serbian Holstein-Friesian Cows and its Relationship with Milk Production Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ristanic Marko ◽  
Glavinic Uros ◽  
Vejnovic Branislav ◽  
Maletic Milan ◽  
Kirovski Danijela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Casein Gene ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe most common types of beta-casein in cow’s milk are A1 and A2, which differ in one amino acid. During the gastrointestinal proteolysis of A1 beta-casein in humans this difference results in the release of beta-casomorphin-7, an opioid which may lead to severe effects on human health, causing various ailments (type-1 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, gastrointestinal digestive discomfort, as well as increased gastrointestinal transit time). By contrast, A2 beta-casein cannot exert these effects owing to its different composition and metabolism. Furthermore, studies have shown that it can influence milk productivity traits. Our research aimed to screen the frequency of A1 and A2 alleles of beta-casein gene in a population of Serbian Holstein-Friesian cows and to detect how the genotypes influence milk production, and milk protein and fat yields. Out of 106 animals, 13 (12.26%) were of A1A1 genotype, 58 (54.72%) of A1A2, and 35 (33.02%) of A2A2 genotype. Milk yield was significantly (P---lt---0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to both A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes. Milk protein concentrations were significantly (P---lt---0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to A1A2 genotype, while milk fat concentrations were significantly (P---lt---0.01) higher in A2A2 compared to both A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes.

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