Overmilking causes deterioration in teat-end condition of dairy cows in late lactation

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Paul Edwards ◽  
Bernadette O'Brien ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos ◽  
Jenny G Jago
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Mixed Age ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of varying degrees of overmilking on teat-end hyperkeratosis, milk production variables and indicators of udder health during late lactation. This was examined by assessing the effect of four end-of-milking criteria on 181 spring-calving, mixed-age Holstein-Friesian cows, at an average 217±24 d in milk, over a six-week period. The four treatments were: remove cluster once milk flow rate fell to 0·2 kg/min plus 5 s (Ovr0), plus 120 s (Ovr2), plus 300 s (Ovr5), and plus 540 s (Ovr9). Daily measurements included individual cow milk yield, milking duration, overmilking duration, maximum milk flow rate, milk flow rate at cluster removal and the number of cluster re-attachments. Individual cow bulk milk samples were collected weekly at AM and PM milkings to determine composition (fat, protein and lactose) and somatic cell count (SCC; AM only). Teat-end hyperkeratosis score was assessed at weeks 0, 3, 5 and 6. At week 6 mean teat-end hyperkeratosis score of the Ovr2 treatment was not greater than Ovr0, whilst Ovr5 was greater than Ovr2 and Ovr9 was greater than Ovr5 and Ovr2. Milk production, milking characteristics and SCC were not different between treatments, except milking duration and milk flow rate at cluster removal. However, higher teat-end hyperkeratosis scores may have a longer-term impact on indicators of udder health if teat-end condition reaches severe levels. Results indicate that to minimise changes in teat-end condition overmilking should be limited to 2 min, which has implications for milking management in large parlours not fitted with automatic cluster removers.

RELATIONSHIPS OF TEAT CONFORMATION AND UDDER HEIGHT TO MILK FLOW RATE AND MILK PRODUCTION IN HOLSTEINS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. MOORE ◽  
SUSAN HIGGINS ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY ◽  
E. B. BURNSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Friesian Cows

Teat conformation characteristics, udder height, total milking yield, 2-min yield, 2-min yield adjusted for the linear and quadratic effects of total milking yield, and 305-day milk and fat yields were recorded on 377 Holstein-Friesian cows in 18 herds. Simple relationships of teat conformation measures and udder height to milk flow rate and production traits which were significant (P < 0.05) were as follows. Mean 2-min, total milking, and 305-day milk yields were lower for plumb front teats than for front teats that were not plumb. Cows with plumb rear teats also had lower total milking yields. Cows with cylindrical teats, both front and rear, had lower total milking yields than cows with funnel teats. Teat length was positively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Teat diameter measures taken at proximal, medial and distal locations of the teat were positively correlated with all production traits, and rear teat diameter measures were positively correlated with 2-min yield. Udder height was positively correlated with adjusted 2-min yield and negatively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Least squares analyses, which corrected for the effects of herd, age of cow at calving, and stage of lactation, were conducted, and significant (P < 0.05) effects were as follows. Cows with cylindrical teats produced 0.7–0.8 kg less total milk at milking than cows with funnel teats. Rear teat diameter was more highly related to milk production than front teat diameter. Proximal and distal diameter of the rear teat was positively associated with all three production traits, and medial rear teat diameter was positively associated with total milking and 305-day milk yields. Also, proximal diameter of the rear teat had a positive relationship with 2-min yield. Total milking yield was positively influenced by front teat proximal and medial diameters, but medial diameter had a negative effect on adjusted 2-min yield. Udder height influenced all traits. High udders had relatively higher milk flow rates but lower milk and fat production. Each centimetre increase in udder height was associated with a 46-kg decrease in 305-day milk. Heritabilities of 2-min yield, adjusted 2-min yield, 305-day milk yield and 305-day fat yield were 0.17, 0.27, 0.18, and 0.50, respectively.

Influence of liner design on mouthpiece chamber vacuum during milking

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janthea A. Newman ◽  
Robert J. Grindal ◽  
M. Clare Butler
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Characteristic Pattern ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Slow Flow ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Slow Flow Rate ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThree types of liner (wide bore tapered, wide bore and narrow bore) were compared in a change-over design experiment comprising three 3-d periods and using six lactating Holstein Friesian cows with a wide range in milk flow rate and teat dimensions. Vacuum levels measured within the liner showed a characteristic pattern of three distinct phases: 1, a mouthpiece chamber (MPC) vacuum that fluctuated with vacuum beneath the teat; 2, a stable MPC vacuum that coincided with the period of peak milk flow and 3, a MPC vacuum that fluctuated with pressure changes in the pulsation chamber and coincided with the period of no or reduced flow. Of the three liners examined, the Gascoigne 1030A (wide bore tapered) induced the highest MPC vacuum (29·4 ± 2·23 kPa, mean ± s.e.m), significantly higher (P < 0·01) than the Alfa-Laval 960000–01 wide bore (23·5 ± 2·32), regardless of teat size and milk flow rate. The Alfa-Laval 7275737–01 (narrow bore) gave a significantly lower value (16·5 ± 1·96) than either of the others (P < 0·001). It was not possible to link absolutely raised MPC vacuum to cow discomfort and teat trauma but circumstantial evidence encourages this view. Narrow teats in combination with slow flow rate appeared to exacerbate MPC vacuum and, because milking time for such animals was protracted, teats were exposed for longer periods.

scholarly journals Endophyte toxins and performance of spring-calving dairy cows in Northland

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
M.B. Blackwell ◽  
R.G. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Group A ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Friesian Cows

An on-farm trial was carried out at Te Hana, in Northland, to measure milk production responses in 2 groups of 16 spring-calving, 3-year-old Holstein-Friesian cows maintained throughout the trial on pastures with or without the ryegrass endophyte toxins, ergovaline and lolitrem B. The trial began in October 1997, with second calving cows balanced for calving date and production worth. Milk volumes of all cows were recorded for 10 consecutive days each month followed by a herd test in which milk volume, protein, fat and lactose contents were determined from milk samples. There were no differences in milk volume or milk solids production in the October and November measurement periods. In December, the group grazing toxin-free (-Ev) pastures produced 24% more milk than the group grazing toxincontaining (+Ev) pastures. These differences increased progressively as the trial proceeded, until terminated in mid-April. Throughout the trial period the -Ev group produced 23% and 19% more milk and milk solids, respectively, than the +Ev group. A rise in levels of the endophyte toxins in ryegrass coincided with the start of differences in milking performance. A toxin-free maize based supplement was fed to both groups during the January to March period to maintain the trial when pasture growth was insufficient. A negative correlation was found between milk production of the +Ev group in January and the prevailing temperature and humidity conditions during the night. Keywords: endophyte toxins, ergovaline, lolitrem B, milk production, Neotyphodium, Northland, ryegrass

Dynamic responses of the dairy cow's teat to step changes in pressure

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybren Y. Reitsma ◽  
Norman R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYDynamic responses of the teat end, measured as changes in external diameter and milk flow-rate, due to step changes in pressure, uniformly applied to the whole teat, are presented. The experiment involved a front and a rear teat of each of 6 Holstein–Friesian cows. The measured variables were: (1) step change in pressure, (2) milk flow-rate, (3) step change in external teat end diameter, (4) rise times of pressure and teat end diameter changes, (5) fall times of pressure and teat end diameter changes, and (6) delay times between pressure and teat end diameter changes both at start of rise and of fall times. A statistical analysis showed that front teats expanded more than rear teats (P < 0·05). Several other findings of importance to any system of milk removal through the streak canal of the teat are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Milk from Simmental and Polish Holstein-Friesian Cows in Different Production Seasons

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Adamska ◽  
Jarosława Rutkowska ◽  
Wiesław Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid (FA) profile of Simmental cow milk in relation to lipid intake in feeds and their composition, and to compare it with FA composition of milk from cows of Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) breed. To this end, 104 milk samples were collected from Simmental cows and 52 milk samples derived from PHF breed were taken over a 2-year period. The season significantly influenced both contents of lipid, dry matter and crude protein as well as FA content in lipids extracted from forages. Winter and autumn seasons were characterized by a significantly higher intake of lipids with forages resulting from the intake of fresh silages, compared with the other seasons when the animals were fed stored silages. This was reflected in the highest content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) c-9 t-11 C18:2 in milk from the autumn season. Compared with PHF, milk from Simmentals had a higher content of short-chain saturated FAs (SCSFAs) and was characterized by great differences in FA contents determined in the group of odd- and branched-chain FAs (OBCFAs). Milk from Simmental cows had the butyric acid C4:0 and iso C15:0 content of 4.99 and 1.20 g/100 g FA on average, respectively, which have been associated with benefits for human health.

Adding bentonite to sorghum grain-based supplements has no effect on cow milk production

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Ehrlich ◽  
T. M. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Friesian Cows

Summary. Twenty-four Holstein–Friesian cows were used in an experiment comparing milk production from cows offered rolled sorghum grain either alone at 8 or 10 kg/head. day of air-dried grain or with 4% sodium bentonite. The design was a 4 × 4 latin square with a 1 week adjustment period and a 3 week treatment period. This design was used to highlight the effects of high levels of grain feeding and changing that level of grain or grain–bentonite every 4 weeks. Cows grazed either ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Tetila) or oats (Avena sativa cv. Cluan) during the day and a mixed ration based on maize silage, lucerne hay, and meat and bone meal at night. There was no significant effect of treatments on milk yield or composition. Cows fed bentonite had a higher (P<0.05) rumen pH, tended to eat less grain sorghum and have lower concentrations of rumen ammonia and faecal starch. Faecal crude protein tended to increase with the use of bentonite indicating cows may have substituted pasture or mixed ration for grain and maintained a more stable rumen fermentation.

scholarly journals Temperament of Holstein Friesian cows in milking parlour and its relation to milk production

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szentléleki ◽  
Jeremy Hervé ◽  
Ferenc Pajor ◽  
Daniel Falta ◽  
János Tőzsér
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of temperament of Holstein cows scored before and during milking during the entire lactation and to calculate correlation between temperament measured in the two moments as well as milk production traits and temperament. Observations were carried out on 17 primiparous Holstein Friesian cows starting their lactation within 85 days. Measurements of temperament and milk production traits were taken once in each month of the lactation, during the morning milking, in a milking parlour. Temperament was assessed in a 5-point scale during udder preparation and milking procedure (1: very nervous, 5: very quiet). Data of milk yield and milk flow were collected individually on each test day morning. Results showed changes during the lactation in temperament of cows scored directly before milking (P < 0.01), however, temperament during milking did not alter with months (P > 0.10). By correlation coefficients, behaviour assessed in the two moments cannot be regarded as the same. In addition loose, significant relations were found only between milk traits and temperament before milking.

EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS.: III. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON FEED INTAKE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. MacDonald ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
Friesian Cows

This report presents effects of low temperatures on the feed consumption and efficiency of milk production of six mature, lactating, Holstein-Friesian cows that were confined in stanchions for three fortnightly experimental periods during which ambient temperatures measured in degree-hours per day (d-h/day) ranged from 110 to 1152 and daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) varied from 0° to 38°F. Applying results obtained, it was calculated that as temperatures decreased, i.e., d-h/day increased from 100 to 1200 and DMAAT decreased from 40° to 0°F, average daily intakes of total dry matter, hay, and gross and digestible Calories increased approximately 6.4 lb., 5.3 lb., 13 Therms and 9 Therms, respectively. Each of these increases was statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Reductions in temperature also decreased gross and net caloric efficiencies of milk production approximately 10 and 8.5 per cent, respectively. These decreases were significant at the 2 per cent level. No correlation was evident between crude protein utilization and temperature.Results indicated that thermal stress was not overcome adequately by supplementary hay intake alone and that appetite stimulation by low temperatures had a carry-over effect continuing at least 24 hours. For continued efficient milk production during winters where low ambient temperatures are prevalent these results suggest it is necessary to provide some form of building insulation, ambient heat and/or provide a high energy supplement to otherwise adequate production rations.

Comparison of reproductive responses after PGF2α and GnRH-PGF2α oestrous synchronisation schemes in Holstein cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470
Author(s):  
J.F. Cox ◽  
F. Saravia ◽  
O. Torrealba ◽  
A. Zavala ◽  
A. Lobos
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Reproductive Response ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Breeding Schemes ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractControlled breeding schemes for oestrous detection constitutes a proactive technical response that balances the infrastructural requirement for a profitable dairy operation and the demands for optimal animal performance. The present study compared (a) the reproductive response of a treatment based on a short vs longer-acting PGF2α analogue (tiaprost vs luprostiol), and (b) the reproductive response after a treatment of GnRH-PGF2α vs PGF2α alone for synchronizing dairy cows. Holstein-Friesian cows averaging 9000 kg milk/lactation and fed according to their requirements were used in the study. Cows were cyclic, at least 60 days post partum and were clinically sound before being considered for the experiments. In Experiment 1, animals were synchronised using an i.m. injection of either 15 mg of luprostiol or 0.75 mg of tiaprost, based on ultrasonic diagnosis of a corpus luteum. Animals were inseminated at observed oestrus. In Experiment 2, cows were synchronised, at random, by either an injection of 10pg ofbuserelin (day 0) followed by 0.75 mg of tiaprost at day 7 (GnRH-PGF2α) orjust 0.75 mg of tiaprost (PGF2α). For both treatments only cows with an ultrasonically detected corpus luteum were treated. Animals were inseminated at oestrus. At the time of treatment and again 3 days later, milk samples were collected and assayed for progesterone by RIA. Cows with progesterone concentrations >1 ng/ml were considered to have corpus luteum. Luteolysis was considered to have occurred when concentrations of progesterone were > 1 ng/ml at day 0 and <0.8 ng/ml at day 3. In Experiment 1, both analogues gave similar results in terms of induced luteolysis [luprostiol: 36/39 (92.3%) vs tiaprost: 36/41 (87.8%)], oestrous detection efficiency [luprostiol: 26/36 (72.2%) vs tiaprost: 30/36 (83.3%], oestrous distribution [day 2, 3 and 4, respectively: luprostiol: 26.9%, 50.0%, 19.2% vs tiaprost: 36.7%, 50.0%, 13.3%], and conception rates [luprostiol: 12/25 (48.0%) vs tiaprost: 14/28 (50.0%); P>0.05]. In Experiment 2, oestrous detection efficiency, interval to oestrus and conception rate were similar between treatments [97/149 (65.1%), 71.1 h, 43/95 (45.3%) for PGF2α vs 130/188 (69.1%), 68.2h, 65/126 (51.6%) for GnRH-PGF2α, respectively]. However the oestrous distribution was more concentrated in GnRH-PGF2α treated animals (P<0.01).

scholarly journals Assessment of ceftiofur residues in cow milk using commercial screening test kits

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Durel ◽  
Guglielmo Gallina ◽  
Terence Pellet
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is one of the most used antibiotics in dairy industry. Intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kgBW ceftiofur hydrochloride (HCl) generally results in 0 hour withdrawal time for the milk in dairy cows. Nevertheless, farmers and dairy processors occasionally complain about ceftiofur-based products in case of positive result to a commercial rapid screening test for the presence of violative residues of antimicrobials (inhibitors) in the bulk milk tank. Six lactating cows were injected with a 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based product at the dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg, intramuscularly, once a day, for five consecutive days, as per label. Milk samples were then collected just before the very last injection (T0) and then at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hours after the last injection. Individual milk samples were tested using three commercial screening test kits for inhibitor residues: DelvotestSP NT, SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus and ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test. Since bulk tank is screened in real operating conditions, samples were also diluted to 1:4, 1:10 and tested again. For the Delvotest SP NT, which lowest detected concentration is close the MRL of the ceftiofur (100 µg/kg), all results were negative. For the ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test and the SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus, several samples yielded positive and doubtful results at T0 and T12. However, after dilution to 1:10, all results were negative. Consequently, when used as officially instructed, the tested 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based injectable veterinary products are safe, and milk should be free of violative residues of ceftiofur. With consideration to the low specificity and the low positive predictive value of commercial screening tests, positive reactions of the bulk milk should be interpreted as false positive or another risky usage of β-lactam-based medicines in the farm must be investigated.

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