Heating Curves During Commercial Cooking of the Blue Crab

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. DICKERSON ◽  
M. R. BERRY
Keyword(s):  
Blue Crab ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Blue Crabs ◽  
Commercial Processing

Blue crabs are cooked in steam retorts or boiling water baths to assist in removing the meat from the shell. As a first step in determining if spores of Clostridium botulinum would survive the process, internal crab temperatures were measured during cooking in commercial plants. Tests were done in six states. Crabs were instrumented with thermocouples, and heating curves were recorded during normal commercial processing. The lowest terminal heating temperature achieved in an instrumented crab during steam retorting was 208 F; however, this temperature remained above 180 F for 4 min. In the boiling water bath, the terminal heating temperature was slightly lower (205 F) but the time above 180 F was longer (11 min).

scholarly journals AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Shope
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Penicillium Funiculosum ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Antiviral Substance ◽  
Refrigerator Temperature ◽  
Frozen State

Helenine is moderately stable in solution at refrigerator temperature and can be kept for long periods of time without evident loss of activity if stored frozen at the temperature of solid CO2. It is filterable through a Seitz pad but not dialyzable. Crude SPS preparations of helenine do not lose activity when dried from the frozen state. Some conditions are described, however, which influence the preservation or inactivation of acetone-precipitated helenine when freeze-dried. Helenine is partially inactivated by exposure for 3 minutes to the temperature of a boiling water bath and is completely inactivated by autoclaving at 15 pounds' pressure for 15 minutes. The data presented suggest that helenine acts, either directly or by triggering some mechanism of the host itself, to destroy virus by a process which renders the latter non-antigenic. This effect may be exerted by action upon the virus itself or by interference with some stage in the developmental cycle of the virus. While the chemical nature of helenine is not known, the presence of a large proportion of polysaccharide in crude active preparations might suggest the possible importance of this class of substance in helenine activity. It is believed that helenine differs from the polysaccharide reported by Horsfall and McCarty and the penicillin impurity reported by Groupé and Rake to be active against certain viruses. It may be related, however, to the antiviral substance recently reported by Powell and his co-workers.

THE PRODUCTS OF STARCH HYDROLYSIS AND THEIR METABOLISM

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Vittorio ◽  
G. Krotkov ◽  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Water Solvent

C14 labelled tobacco leaf starch digested with 1 N H2SO4 in a boiling water bath was not completely hydrolyzed to glucose even after 24 hr. After three hours' hydrolysis, paper partition, chromatography with butanol–ethanol–water solvent revealed that besides glucose there were four C14 labelled products with RF values lower than glucose. When these bands were fed individually to tobacco leaves in light they were incorporated into sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch, and were better starch formers than glucose, glucose-1-phosphate, or maltose.

Analyses on Heat-coagulated Blood and Serum

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-305
Author(s):  
Morris London ◽  
Jesse H Marymont
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Serum Urate ◽  
Aqueous Extraction ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Quantitative Separation

Abstract A method for the quantitative separation of serum urate from the proteins present, that does not employ chemical precipitation, is presented. The separation is accomplished by heat coagulation of serum and the subsequent aqueous extraction of the purine from the intact coagulum. Serum is placed at the bottom of a container of sufficient size to permit the formation of a thin layer and then coagulated in a boiling-water bath. The resultant coagulum is firm, adherent to the container, and not easily disrupted. Water is then added to cover the coagulum and the urate extracted. The urate present in the extract is determined using a phosphotungstate reduction method.

scholarly journals Studies on the nature of the amphibian organization centre - VI-Inductions by the evocator-glycogen complex in intact embryos and in ectoderm removed from the individuation-field

1937 ◽  
Vol 122 (828) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Rabbit Liver ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Amphibian Embryos ◽  
Single Chemical ◽  
Residual Tissue ◽  
Organization Centre

Several authors, including Fischer, Wehmeier and their collaborators (1933, 1935) and Waddington, Needham, Nowiński and Lemberg (1935), have obtained the induction of neural tissue in amphibian embryos by the implantation of crude glycogen or of substances extracted from it. Others (Holtfreter 1933, 1934; Woerdemann 1933) have employed it unsuccessfully. It is clear now that the activity is not due to the glycogen itself, but to some accompanying impurity, and it was suggested by Waddington, Needham and Brachet (1936) that the active evocator substance is of a sterol-like nature and forms a loose complex with glycogen and possibly with some protein as well. It therefore seemed interesting to investigate whether any difference could be detected in the evocating powers of glycogen in its two forms—the desmo-form in which it is combined with protein and the lyo-form in which it is free (Willstätter and Rohdewald 1934). Specimens of lyo- and desmo-glycogen were therefore prepared and implanted. Both showed themselves capable of evocation, and their activity was such that they seemed suited for testing the effect of a chemically homogeneous evocating mass on ectoderm isolated from the host. By implanting desmo-glycogen into isolated pieces of ectoderm, we should obtain some idea of what a single chemical stimulus is capable of evoking; does it simply induce neural tissue or is there any tendency for the isolated ectoderm to react by producing a neural organ? This question was raised at the time of the discovery of the activity of the dead organizer (Waddington 1933) and has often been mentioned subsequently (in particular Waddington 1934; Needham 1936 b ). The present results seem to answer it in favour of the first alternative. 2—Methods Preparations of desmo- and lyo-glycogen from rabbit liver were made as follows: 145 g. of liver, which had been cooled in ice as soon as it had been removed from the animal, was minced up with scissors and added in portions to 150 ml. of boiling water. When all the tissue had been added the flask was warmed for a further 20 min. on a boiling water-bath, with occasional shaking. The mixture was then filtered on a Buchner funnel (Filtrate I). The residual tissue was ground up without sand in a mortar, heated on the water-bath for 20 min. with a further 200 ml. of water, and filtered as before (Filtrate II). It was assumed that most of the lyo- glycogen would have been extracted in the first two operations, and most of the remainder was then removed from the tissue by extracting with boiling water five more times. 200 ml. of water were used for each of these extractions, which were allowed to proceed on the boiling water-bath for 1-2 hr. The extract was removed by centrifugation.

A Simplified Fluorometric Method for Determination of Plasma Methotrexate

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1157-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siba G Chakrabarti ◽  
I A Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Fluorescence Measurement ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Fluorometric Method ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract A method is described for the determination of plasma methotrexate at low concentrations. The method consists of a single fluorescence measurement on plasma proteinfree filtrates after oxidation of the drug with KMnO4 at controlled pH. The complete release of the drug into plasma filtrates is accomplished by heating the reaction mixture in a boiling water bath with occasional stirring.

Radioassay of Serum Folate

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1101-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph T Dunn ◽  
Lowell B Foster
Keyword(s):  
Water Bath ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Abstract We describe a radioassay procedure for serum folate, in which commercially available crystalline β-lactoglobulin is used as the folate-binding agent. The folate binders present in serum are eliminated by heating serum in a boiling water bath for 15 min to denature the proteins. Radioassayable serum folate is shown to be stable under these conditions, and the results for folate compare well with those obtained by a microbiological assay.

A CELLULOSE-HYDROLYZING FACTOR IN APHIDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1205-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean B. Adams ◽  
Margaret E. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Tuberolachnus Salignus ◽  
Salix Babylonica

Extracts of 12 species of aphids differed in their capacities to reduce the viscosity of methyl cellulose (MC) substrates. The activity of these extracts varied from as much as 60% reduction of viscosity in 48 hours, when the species Myzus cerasi Fab. from Prunus pennsylvanica L. was used, to zero change when the extracts were from Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) from Salix babylonica L. Extracts from the remaining 10 species reduced the viscosity of MC substrates by about 25% in the same period. In many cases the activity of these extracts was almost doubled if the extract was heated in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes prior to being incubated with the MC; in only a few cases was it reduced. The plant host on which the aphids were cultured appeared to influence both the rate of activity and the effect of heating.

pH of Oregon-Grown Figs and Their Acidification for Home-Canning1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 1245-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGY WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Boiling Water Bath ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Locally Grown

The pH of locally-grown Oregon figs in three crops was determined before and after cooking, and the proportion of lemon juice which must be added to lower the pH to 4.6 or below for safe canning by the boiling water bath method was determined. The pH of figs averaged 5.51 but was higher as figs were riper. The addition of 15 ml of lemon juice per pint of figs canned in syrup was sufficient to lower the pH of the processed fruit to 4.6 or below.

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