Gauguin, Paul (1848-1903)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Atkin
Keyword(s):  
French Polynesia ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Professional Relationship ◽  
Van Gogh ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Paul Gauguin ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
Technical Practice

Paul Gauguin was a Parisian-born French artist who was for a time associated with the Neo-Impressionist and Symbolist movements in painting. Having turned to a career as an artist relatively late, after working as a stockbroker, he became a remarkable presence within the French avant-garde. His activities as an artist fall, broadly, into two professional phases. The first phase of Gauguin’s career is characterized by his work in France up until 1891. During this early part of his career, he became closely linked to the Neo-Impressionist circle and learned his technical practice from painters such as Camille Pissaro (1830–1903). Later on in this period, he famously became acquainted with Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) in a tumultuous and short-lived professional relationship. Towards the end of this phase of activity in France, he became involved with the Symbolist movement through his friendship with the poet Charles Morice (1860–1919). The second phase of Gauguin’s career is characterized by his activities in French Polynesia, where, from 1891 until his death in 1903, he sought to develop a primitivist approach to art based on Polynesian traditions. During this later period, he also produced a significant body of writing on art and his travels.

Seurat, Georges-Pierre (1859–1891)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Somers
Keyword(s):  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
Henri Matisse ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Sunday Afternoon ◽  
Paul Gauguin ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
Painting Technique ◽  
French Painting ◽  
Gallery System ◽  
Figure Paintings

Born in Paris in 1859 to a bourgeois family, painter and draughtsman Georges-Pierre Seurat enjoyed a brief but mature career as the leading French Neo-Impressionist. His invention of Divisionism (or "chromo-luminarism"), a painting technique grounded in science and the study of optics, challenged the spontaneity and fluidity of Impressionism, which by the 1880s had been largely subsumed by a capitalist gallery system. In 1886, at the eighth and final Impressionist exhibition, Seurat debuted his monumental Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande-Jatte (1884–1886), a "patient tapestry" of line and color that led the art critic and activist Félix Fénéon to coin the term néo-impressionisme. Equally shaped by the Renaissance frescoes of Piero della Francesca and the Baudelairean praise of the ephemerality of modern life, La Grande-Jatte symbolically closed a chapter in French painting. Seurat’s systematic aesthetic produced an indelible impact on fin de siècle artists such as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Matisse, and later Pablo Picasso, Robert Delaunay, and André Breton’s Surrealism, firmly establishing him as integral to the 20th-century avant-garde. Seurat’s oeuvre includes approximately 500 drawings and 6 major figure paintings, an astonishing output for a career that lasted only 11 years.

Segal, Arthur (1875–1944)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Modern Art ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Color Theory ◽  
Van Gogh ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
Tristan Tzara ◽  
Art Scene ◽  
Art Colony

Arthur Segal was a Romanian artist born as Aron Sigalu to Jewish parents. He shifted his attention away from post-impressionist modernism around 1900 to focus on the radical avant-garde in the early 1920s, and then back to classicizing modernism in the 1940s. His work moved from traditional art-craft (painting, engraving) to modern and avant-garde practices (political engagement, teaching, curatorship, manifestos, theoretical writings, art-therapy). From 1892 to 1900 he studied in Berlin, Paris, and Munich. Segal was a student of Adolf Hölzel (founder of the art colony Neues Dachau), and much of his work was shaped by Hölzel’s color theory, where landscapes were formally structured as decorative grids rather than as phenomenal transcripts of ocular perception. In 1902–1903 he visited Italy and France, where he was influenced by the work of Vincent Van Gogh and Giovanni Segantini, whose naturalism and light-seeking divisionism he sought to appropriate in his own work. He exhibited with the Berliner Secession from 1909 onward, and co-founded the Neue Secession in 1910. Segal remained connected to the Romanian art scene, exhibiting with the TinerimeaArtistica group in 1910–1913. His 1910 Bucharest exhibition was heralded as ‘‘the first exhibition of modern art’’ in Romania (Segal 1974: 133). In 1914 Segal moved to Ascona, Switzerland, where he met Hans Arp, Hugo Ball, and Alexei Jawlensky, who were linked with the Monte Verita community. In 1916 Segal exhibited at Cabaret Voltaire alongside fellow Romanian Dadaists Tristan Tzara and Marcel Janco. In 1919 he joined the Novembergruppe, becoming one of its leaders.

Munch, Edvard (1863–1944)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Gluchowska
Keyword(s):  
Technical College ◽  
Van Gogh ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Paul Gauguin ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
French Art ◽  
Public Exhibition ◽  
Edvard Munch

Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter, printmaker and sculptor, who experimented with photography and film. He is one of the main forerunners of Expressionism, and his painting The Scream (1893) became a universal icon of existentialist fear. He was born in Løten, Norway, in 1863 and died in Oslo in 1944. In 1879 Munch enrolled at a technical college and in 1881 at the Royal School of Art and Design of Christiania, where he took lessons in freehand drawing and modeling. In 1882 he was supervised by the naturalistic painter Christian Krohg, and in 1883 he held his first public exhibition. In 1885 Munch travelled to Paris; some influences of French art were recognizable in the works he presented at his first one-man show in Christiania in 1889. The recognition he received with this exhibition gained him a state scholarship to Paris for the period 1889–92. There he studied under French painter Léon Bonnat and saw works by Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec and James Whistler. Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Synthetism influenced his work of this period.

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