Concurrent Use of Response Time and Response Accuracy for Detecting Examinees with Item Preknowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Seo Young Lee ◽  
James A. Wollack
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Item Preknowledge

Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek T.Y. Mann ◽  
A. Mark Williams ◽  
Paul Ward ◽  
Christopher M. Janelle
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Analytic Review

Research focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport is abundant. However, the existing qualitative syntheses of this research lack the quantitative detail necessary to determine the magnitude of differences between groups of varying levels of skills, thereby limiting the theoretical and practical contribution of this body of literature. We present a meta-analytic review focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport (N = 42 studies, 388 effect sizes) with the primary aim of quantifying expertise differences. Effects were calculated for a variety of dependent measures (i.e., response accuracy, response time, number of visual fixations, visual fixation duration, and quiet eye period) using point-biserial correlation. Results indicated that experts are better than nonexperts in picking up perceptual cues, as revealed by measures of response accuracy and response time. Systematic differences in visual search behaviors were also observed, with experts using fewer fixations of longer duration, including prolonged quiet eye periods, compared with nonexperts. Several factors (e.g., sport type, research paradigm employed, and stimulus presentation modality) significantly moderated the relationship between level of expertise and perceptual-cognitive skill. Practical and theoretical implications are presented and suggestions for empirical work are provided.

Stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves working memory and planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Puladi Farzaneh ◽  
Bagheri Masood ◽  
Ghasem Askarizadeh ◽  
Afsaneh Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The present study aimed to investigate whether working memory (WM) and planning performances can be enhanced using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). A total of 30 healthy individuals were randomly assigned to two groups: active (A)-tDCS and control (S)-tDCS. Anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (F3) and cathodal stimulation over the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (FP2) were further implemented at 2 mA in the A-tDCS group, while there was no intervention in the control group. The tools used were software versions of the three-level n-back task and Tower of London (TOL) task, and for each task we measured participants’ response accuracy and response time. The results showed a significant difference between the groups in both cognitive functions, suggesting that tDCS can improve response accuracy in memory and problem-solving ability, but it is less effective in terms of improving response time on planning. Overall, findings suggest that tDCS can enhance WM and planning performances.

Cognitive Change in Special Forces Personnel following Stressful Survival Training

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (19) ◽  
pp. 1776-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Harris ◽  
P. A. Hancock ◽  
C. A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
Minimal Change ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
School Training ◽  
Post Stress

Understanding the deterioration in cognitive functioning produced by stress continues to gain in importance due to the increasing demands imposed by technologically sophisticated systems. Although the general deleterious effects of stress are well established, the relative sensitivity of different cognitive functions to stress and the pattern of cognitive recovery with rest have not been fully distinguished. In this paper, we examined the cognitive performance of Special Forces soldiers immediately prior to and immediately following one week of Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School training at Ft. Bragg, NC. Post-stress cognitive performance was characterized by significantly increased response time with minimal change in response accuracy. While response time increased for all tasks, memory appears to be most sensitive to stress. Performance returned to pre-stress levels the next morning following one night of sleep. The tasks affected most in the current study differed from changes which follow primarily upon physical stress, implying that the effects of combined psychological and physical stress on cognitive performance differ substantively from the effects of physical demand alone.

scholarly journals Modeling Conditional Dependence of Response Accuracy and Response Time with the Diffusion Item Response Theory Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inhan Kang ◽  
Paul De Boeck ◽  
Roger Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Parameter Recovery ◽  
Conditional Dependence ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Conditional Dependency

In this paper, we propose a model-based method to study conditional dependence be- tween response accuracy and response time (RT) with the diffusion IRT model. To this end, we extend the previously proposed model by introducing variability across persons and items in cognitive capacity and in the initial bias of the response processes. We show that the extended model can explain the behavioral patterns of conditional dependency found in the previous studies in psychometrics. The first variability component in cognitive capacity can predict positive and negative conditional dependency and their interaction with the item difficulty. The second variability in the initial bias can account for the early changes in the response accuracy as a function of RTs given the person and item effects, producing the curvilinear conditional accuracy functions. We also provide a simulation study to validate the parameter recovery of the proposed model and two empirical applications to describe how to implement the model to study conditional dependency underlying data response accuracy and RTs.

Curvilinear dependency of response accuracy on response time in cognitive tests

Intelligence ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqin Chen ◽  
Paul De Boeck ◽  
Matthew Grady ◽  
Chien-Lin Yang ◽  
David Waldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Response Accuracy

Time and Accuracy Measures for Alternative Multidimensional Scaling Data Collection Methods

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Henry ◽  
Robert V. Stumpf
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Collection Methods

The impact of stimulus set size and data collection methods on response accuracy and response time were investigated in an empirical study. Anchor Point collection techniques proved superior in reducing respondent time with no sacrifice in accuracy.

scholarly journals Identifying Effortful Individuals With Mixture Modeling Response Accuracy and Response Time Simultaneously to Improve Item Parameter Estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-807
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Ying Cheng ◽  
Hongyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Mixture Model ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Item Parameter ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Parameter Recovery ◽  
Item Parameter Estimation

The responses of non-effortful test-takers may have serious consequences as non-effortful responses can impair model calibration and latent trait inferences. This article introduces a mixture model, using both response accuracy and response time information, to help differentiating non-effortful and effortful individuals, and to improve item parameter estimation based on the effortful group. Two mixture approaches are compared with the traditional response time mixture model (TMM) method and the normative threshold 10 (NT10) method with response behavior effort criteria in four simulation scenarios with regard to item parameter recovery and classification accuracy. The results demonstrate that the mixture methods and the TMM method can reduce the bias of item parameter estimates caused by non-effortful individuals, with the mixture methods showing more advantages when the non-effort severity is high or the response times are not lognormally distributed. An illustrative example is also provided.

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