scholarly journals Effects of the Type of Reinforcer on Renewal of Operant Responding

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinthia Hernández ◽  
Kenneth Madrigal ◽  
Carlos Flores
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Operant Responding ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Renewal Effect ◽  
Acquisition Response

Some studies have identified that ABA renewal seems to depend on how response-reinforcer contingency is established. Using rats as subjects, the present study assessed ABA and ABB renewal using a two-component multiple schedule (VI30 s - VI30 s) each with a different reinforcer (pellets or sucrose). 16 subjects were trained to lever-press during 20 sessions in Context A; lever-pressing was extinguished during 10 sessions in Context B. And for the renewal test, 8 subjects were tested in Context A (Group ABA); whereas, the rest were tested in Context B (Group ABB). During acquisition, response rates were higher on the pellets component than the sucrose component; during extinction, response rates decreased to near-zero responses. A renewal effect was observed only for Group ABA during test, showing no differences between components. Our results suggest that different type of reinforcers do not seem to affect ABA renewal, using different contexts allows for renewal to be observed regardless of the differences in response rates during acquisition.

Behaviour of Rats in Multiple Schedules of Response-Contingent and Response-Independent Food Presentation

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Szabadi ◽  
P. Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Multiple Schedules ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Lever Pressing

During Phase I, three rats were exposed to two-component multiple schedules of response-independent food presentation. Low rates of lever-pressing were observed, and response rates in one component did not increase when food presentation was withheld in the other component. During Phase II, the same rats were exposed to two-component multiple schedules of response-contingent reinforcement. Much higher rates of lever-pressing were observed. Moreover, when reinforcement was withheld in one component, response rates in the other component increased (positive contrast), and when reinforcement was reinstated in the changed component, response rates in the other component declined (negative contrast). During Phase III, when food was again delivered independently of responding, the response rates declined again to low levels. These results indicate that the occurrence of non-instrumental lever-pressing is not a prerequisite for the occurrence of behavioural contrast in the rat, and thus cast doubt on the general applicability of the autoshaping theory of behavioural contrast

Increasing Slowed Operant Responding of Schizophrenics under a Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-582
Author(s):  
Harold Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Fixed Ratio Schedule ◽  
Operant Responding ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Minimum Number

Two procedures were evaluated in terms of their ability to modify the slowed responding of schizophrenics under an FR 40 schedule. FR 40 response rates increased when schizophrenics were instructed to earn a minimum number of reinforcements or to imitate the rate of responding of someone shown earning that minimum number of reinforcements. The greater increase in FR 40 responding occurred under the latter procedure.

Behavioral Contrast in Pigeons with Qualitatively Different Reinforcers

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Pingrey ◽  
Denis L. Delehanty ◽  
D. Alan Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Positive Contrast ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Positive Contrast Effect ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Extinction Component

Three white Carneaux pigeons were trained to respond on a mult VI 1-min. (milo reinforcement), VI 1-min. (pea reinforcement) schedule when each component was associated with a different key, feeder, and reinforcer. The experiment was divided into four phases. In Phases 1 and 3, baseline rates of responding were established. In experimental Phases 2 and 4, one component of the multiple schedule was changed to extinction. During the experimental phases, response rates decreased in the extinction component and increased in the unchanged component (positive behavioral contrast). The increase in responding in the unchanged component was greater when the more valued reinforcer was extinguished. These findings are very similar to those reported by Beninger and Kendall (1975) and extend the positive contrast effect to another species, pigeons.

scholarly journals Alcohol Dependence Differentially Alters Action and Outcome Related Orbitofrontal Cortex Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Cazares ◽  
Drew C. Schreiner ◽  
Christina M. Gremel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Extracellular Recordings ◽  
Instrumental Task ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Outcome Devaluation

AbstractAlcohol dependence results in long-lasting deficits in decision-making and behavioral control. Neurobiological investigations have identified orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as important for value contributions to decision-making as well as action control, and alcohol dependence induces long-lasting changes to OFC function that persist into protracted withdrawal. However, it is unclear which contributing OFC computations are disrupted in alcohol dependence. Here, we combined a well-validated mouse model of alcohol dependence with in vivo extracellular recordings during an instrumental task in which lever press duration serves as the contingency, and lever pressing is sensitive to outcome devaluation. We found prior alcohol dependence did not impair use of duration contingency control but did reduce sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Further, alcohol dependence increased OFC activity associated with lever-pressing but decreased OFC activity during outcome-related epochs. Hence, alcohol dependence induces a long-lasting disruption to OFC function such that activity associated with actions is enhanced, but OFC activity in relation to outcomes is diminished. This has important implications for hypotheses regarding compulsive and habitual phenotypes observed in addiction.

scholarly journals Disruption of relapse to alcohol seeking by aversive counterconditioning following memory retrieval

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koral Goltseker ◽  
Hen Handrus ◽  
Segev Barak
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Memory Reconsolidation ◽  
Place Conditioning ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Alcohol Seeking

AbstractRelapse to alcohol abuse is often caused by exposure to potent alcohol-associated cues. Therefore, disruption of the cue-alcohol memory can prevent relapse. It is believed that memories destabilize and become prone for updating upon their reactivation through retrieval, and then re-stabilize within 6 h during a “reconsolidation” process. We recently showed that relapse to cocaine seeking could be prevented by counterconditioning the cocaine-cues with aversive outcomes following cocaine-memory retrieval, in a place conditioning paradigm. However, to better model addiction-related behaviors, self-administration models are necessary. Here, we demonstrate that relapse to alcohol seeking can be prevented by aversive counterconditioning conducted during alcohol-memory reconsolidation, in conditioned place preference (CPP) and operant self-administration paradigms, in mice and rats, respectively. We found that the reinstatement of alcohol-CPP was abolished only when aversive counterconditioning with water-flooding was given shortly after alcohol-memory retrieval. Furthermore, rats trained to lever-press for alcohol showed decreased context-induced renewal of alcohol-seeking responding when the lever-pressing was counterconditioned with foot-shocks, shortly, but not 6 h, after memory retrieval. These results 0suggest that aversive counterconditioning can prevent relapse to alcohol seeking only when performed during alcohol-memory reconsolidation, presumably by updating, or replacing, the alcohol memory with aversive information. Also, we found that aversive counterconditioning preceded by alcohol-memory retrieval was characterized by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that Bdnf plays a role in the memory updating process.

High Response Aerosol Probe for Sensing Gaseous Temperature in a Two-Phase, Two-Component Flow

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
High Response ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Liquid Temperature ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Gaseous Flow ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Gas Environment ◽  
Water Gas

Usual means for sensing temperature in a gaseous flow carrying suspended liquid droplets invariably yield the liquid temperature only. In this paper, we discuss a probe configuration which separates the liquid from the gaseous phase for water/gas mass ratios up to 1.2, and which provides for sensing the temperature of the gaseous phase by means of a miniature thermocouple. The overall system exhibits response rates on the order of 10 milliseconds for the water/gas environment in which the probe was evaluated.

Nonreversibility of the appetitive characteristics of intracranial stimulation

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Brodie ◽  
Jerry L. Malis ◽  
Oscar M. Moreno ◽  
John J. Boren
Keyword(s):  
Medial Forebrain Bundle ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Electrode Site ◽  
Avoidance Schedule ◽  
Intracranial Stimulation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
To Receive

Stainless steel electrodes were implanted in the vicinity of the medial forebrain bundle of monkeys. The monkeys were trained to lever press on an appetitive schedule to receive intracranial stimulation, and on an aversive schedule to avoid a foot shock which was preceded by a warning signal. The lever pressing behavior on the avoidance schedule was extinguished and brain stimulation was substituted as the punishment in the aversive situation. None of the monkeys avoided or escaped the 15-second brain shock. Even when the time period was prolonged to 1 hour, no avoidance behavior occurred. The results indicated that the nature of the intracranial stimulation for the electrode site used was not reversible from appetitive to aversive either with a change in the experimental situation or with a prolongation of the stimulus duration.

Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation of Albino Rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Jerry M. Mott ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
Kathy L. Loskamp ◽  
Rebecca S. Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Operant Responding ◽  
Reinforcing Value ◽  
Reversal Design

The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent to which microwave radiation would reinforce operant behavior in a cold environment. A reversal-design with the single subject serving as its own control was used for testing the reinforcing properties of microwaves. Six albino rats were conditioned to produce 6-sec. pulses of microwave radiation within a refrigerated environment. The schedule of reinforcement was continuous (erf). Each lever press produced a 6-sec. output of microwave radiation. The intensity of radiation was varied across blocks of sessions in the reversal design. Microwave values used were as follows: 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted from 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 7-mo. period. Results showed that rates of operant responding varied as a direct function of microwave intensity. Relatively high mean rates were associated with moderate microwave intensity (250 W), whereas lower mean rates of responding were associated with extreme microwave intensities (62.5 W and 437.5 W) in the reversal design. These data are explained in terms of satiation and deprivation of the reinforcing value of microwave radiation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document