Проявление линии Видома при микроволновых измерениях увлажненных перекисью водорода сорбентов

For deeply supercooled bulk water, anomalies of thermodynamic values are known near the Widom line, the locus of increased fluctuations of entropy and density. In this work, we measured the reflected power of microwave radiation at a frequency of 18 GHz from a silicate sorbent sample moistened with a hydrogen peroxide solution. In the experiment, we observed variations in the recorded reflected radiation power in the range –46 – –47 °С, determined by structural changes in the liquid. Thus, it is shown that fluctuations of water parameters near the Widom line are manifested in changes not only in thermodynamic, but also in electrophysical quantities.

Микроволновая диагностика разрядов в искусственном облаке заряженных водяных капель

The microwave diagnostics of discharges occurring in an artificial cloud of charged water droplets created in an open air simulating the environment of thunderclouds is implemented. An artificial cloud with a droplet size of about 1 microns is opaque in the visible range, so intra-cloud discharges are not available for investigation by traditional methods in the spark discharge physics based on the registration of visible discharge radiation. Microwaves pass through such a cloud without noticeable attenuation, they interact only with the plasma of discharges occurring in the cloud. The probing microwave radiation had a wavelength of 8 mm. The attenuation of microwaves passed through the cloud was measured with temporary resolution of about 10 ns. The temporal characteristics of intra-cloud discharges were investigated.

Measurement of microwave radiation pressure on thin metal fibers

The pressure of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range is widely used to hold microparticles in a given place and control their movement. This is possible by focusing the laser radiation into an area with the dimension of several micrometers. The intensity of radiation in this area is large and sufficient to retain micro-particles in the laser beam and manipulate them. Nowadays, intensive research is underway on the use of microwave and terahertz radiation and the possibility of applying radiation pressure in these ranges. But in the microwave range, the focal spot dimension is much larger than in the optical one. Therefore, control of the objects whose dimensions are comparable to those of the focal spot using the radiation pressure requires very high power. For the objects with small dimensions, a small amount of radiation energy falls on them, and the acting force decreases. However, it is known that thin conductive fibers interact very strongly with microwave radiation. This can be used to levitate short thin metal fibers (vibrators), hold them in predicted place and control their position in space. The paper describes the measurements of the pressure of microwave radiation with a wavelength of 8 mm on thin copper fibers. Torsional balance is used for this purpose. In the metal case on a suspension from a tungsten fiber with a diameter of 8 microns there is located the rocker arm with 50 mm length with receiving elements in the form of system of copper fibers with a diameter of 300 microns and 15 mm length. Microwave radiation was directed to one of the receiving elements using a horn. The calibration of torsion balance, the measurement process, and the evaluation of the resulting error are described. The measurements gave the value of the efficiency factor of the radiation pressure Qpr = 4.86. This agrees satisfactorily with the results of calculations Qpr = 5.39. The difference is 10%.

Effect of Space Flight Factor on Dormant Stages in Aquatic Organisms: A Review of International Space Station and Terrestrial Experiments

This work is a review of the experiments carried out in the Russian segment of the ISS (inside and outside) from 2005 to 2016 on the effect of the space flight factor on the resting stages of organisms. In outer space, ultraviolet, a wide range of high and low temperatures, cosmic radiation, altered gravity, modified electromagnetic field, vacuum, factors of technical origin, ultrasound, microwave radiation, etc. and their combination determine the damaging effect on living organisms. At the same time, biological dormancy, known in a wide range of bacteria, fungi, animals and plants, allows them to maintain the viability of their dormant stages in extreme conditions for a long time, which possibly allows them to survive during space flight. From 2005 to 2016, the resting stages (propagules) of micro- and multicellular organisms were tested on the ISS to assess their ability to survive after prolonged exposure to the conditions of open space and space flight. Among the more than 40 species studied, about a third were dormant stages of aquatic organisms (eggs of cyprinodont fish, daphnia embryos, resting eggs of fairy shrimps, tadpole shrimps, copepods and ostracods, diapausing larvae of dipterans, as well as resting cysts of algae). The experiments were carried out within the framework of four research programs: (1) inside the ISS with a limited set of investigated species (Akvarium program); (2) outside the station in outer space without exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Biorisk program); (3) under modified space conditions simulating the surface of Mars (Expose program); and (4) in an Earth-based laboratory where single-factor experiments were carried out with neutron radiation, modified magnetic field, microwave radiation and ultrasound. Fundamentally new data were obtained on the stability of the resting stages of aquatic organisms exposed to the factors of the space environment, which modified the idea of the possibility of bringing Earth life forms to other planets with spacecraft and astronauts. It also can be used for creating an extraterrestrial artificial ecosystem and searching for extraterrestrial life.

Installation for studying the parameters of localiInstallation for studying the parameters of localization of an electromagnetic wave in a waveguide of variable cross-section in the framework of the predictions of the 5-D extended space modelzation of an electromagnetic wave in a waveguide of variable cross-section in the framework of the predictions of the 5-D extended space model

The paper describes the creation and testing of an experimental setup for studying the parameters of localization of electromagnetic microwave radiation with a power of 0.001-0.004 W in the range of 36.0-79.0 GHz when propagating radiation in metal waveguides of variable cross-section. Measurements will also be carried out under conditions of filling the waveguide with dielectric materials with refractive indices from 1.46 to 4.0 for microwave radiation of the specified range. The installation is designed to measure the parameters of the localization of microwave radiation when it passes through a waveguide of variable cross-section, filled with materials with different refractive indices. Interpretation of the results will be carried out within the framework of the 5-D extended space model (ESM). The extended space model is formulated in (1+4)-dimensional space time-coordinate-interval. An additional spatial coordinate in the ESM is the interval. In the conjugate 5-D space, the energy-momentum-mass interval in the ESM corresponds to mass. In the ESM formalism, the question of the appearance of a nonzero variable mass in a photon and its localization under the influence of an external field is studied.

The Effect of Electromagnetic Microwave Radiation on Methane Fermentation of Selected Energy Crop Species

The aim of the present study was to determine how thermal stimulation via electromagnetic microwave radiation impacts the yields of biogas and methane produced by methane fermentation of five selected energy crop species in anaerobic reactors. The resultant performance was compared with that of reactors with conventional temperature control. The highest biogas production capacity was achieved for maize silage and Virginia mallow silage (i.e., 680 ± 28 dm3N/kgVS and 506 ± 16 dm3N/kgVS, respectively). Microwave radiation as a method of heating anaerobic reactors provided a statistically-significantly boost in methane production from maize silage (18% increase). Biomethane production from maize silage rose from 361 ± 12 dm3N/kgVS to 426 ± 14 dm3N/kgVS. In the other experimental variants, the differences between methane concentrations in the biogas were non-significant.