scholarly journals Atuação de adolescentes no tráfico de drogas: uma revisão narrativa da literatura/Action adolescents in drug trafficking: a narrative literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-617
Author(s):  
Yanca Almeida Silva ◽  
Luciana Togni de Lima e Silva Surjus
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Drug Laws ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Introdução: O envolvimento de adolescentes no tráfico de drogas se situa na ambiguidade jurídica entre o previsto nas Leis de drogas e nos Decretos que homologam a Convenção 182 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Objetivo: Identificar e apresentar quais as dimensões acerca das relações de adolescentes com o tráfico de drogas têm sido enfatizadas na literatura científica, técnica e legislativa brasileira. Método: Realizada revisão narrativa da literatura científica recente, em que se procedeu leitura exaustiva dos artigos selecionados e se identificaram três categorias temáticas emergentes. Foram previamente definidos, marcos legais, propostos como ferramentas teóricas de análise dos dados, conjuntamente com documentos técnicos pertinentes. Resultados e Discussão: Adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa por tráfico de drogas no Brasil são meninos negros, de baixa escolaridade, residindo com suas mães em territórios de baixa renda, caracterizados por relações cotidianas permeadas pela violência, escassez de equipamentos públicos e de oportunidades de trabalho. Três dimensões foram identificadas e problematizadas: as determinações sociais nos processos saúde-adoecimento: dos riscos da psiquiatrização ao extermínio da juventude; medidas socioeducativas: criminalização da pobreza, seletividade penal e fracasso do sistema; e o trabalho: sobrevivência, pertença e exploração. Conclusão: Não há, na literatura científica, uma evidente problematização do envolvimento do tráfico de drogas, enquanto exploração do trabalho infantil, mas produções técnicas têm explicitado tal ambivalência legal no Brasil, subsidiando a sustentação de ações e novas investigações acerca da temática. A atual política sobre drogas favorece a sustentação da relação perversa entre o tráfico e o Estado, no estabelecimento de uma gestão urbana atravessada pelo comércio ilícito de drogas, que diferencia socialmente territórios e subjetividades, impactando a doutrina da proteção integral.Palavras-chave: Adolescente. Tráfico de Drogas. Trabalho Infantil. Terapia Ocupacional Abstract Introduction: The involvement of adolescents in drug trafficking lies in the legal ambiguity between the provisions of the Drug Laws and the Decrees that ratify Convention 182 of the International Labor Organization. Objective: Identifying and presenting the dimensions of the relationship between adolescents and drug trafficking have been emphasized in Brazilian scientific literature technical and legislative. Method: A narrative review of recent scientific literature was carried out, in which the selected articles were thoroughly read, and three emerging thematic categories were identified. Legal frameworks proposed as theoretical tools for data analysis were previously defined, together with relevant technical documents. Results and Discussion: Adolescents in compliance with a socio-educational measure for drug trafficking in Brazil are black boys, with low schooling, living with their mothers in low-income territories, characterized by daily relationships permeated by violence, scarcity of public facilities and opportunities for job. Three dimensions were identified and problematized: social determinations in health-illness processes: from the risks of psychiatrization to the extermination of youth; socio-educational measures: criminalization of poverty, criminal selectivity and failure of the system; work: survival, belonging and exploitation. Conclusion: There is no evident problematization in the scientific literature of the involvement of drug trafficking while the exploitation of child labor, but technical productions have spelled out such legal ambivalence in Brazil, supporting the support of actions and new investigations on the subject. The current drug policy favors the support of the perverse relationship between trafficking and the State, in the establishment of an urban management crossed by the illicit drug trade that socially differentiates territories and subjectivities, impacting the doctrine of integral protection.Keywords: Adolescent. Drug Trafficking. Child Labor. Occupational Therapy ResumenIntroducción: La participación de los adolescentes en el tráfico de drogas radica en la ambigüedad jurídica entre las disposiciones de las Leyes de Drogas y los Decretos que ratifican el Convenio 182 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Objetivo: Identificar y presentar las dimensiones de la relación entre los adolescentes y el narcotráfico ha sido enfatizado en la literatura científica brasileña técnico y legislativo. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica reciente, en la que se leyeron con detenimiento los artículos seleccionados y se identificaron tres categorías temáticas emergentes. Previamente se definieron los marcos legales propuestos como herramientas teóricas para el análisis de datos, junto con los documentos técnicos relevantes. Resultados y Discusión: Los adolescentes en cumplimiento de una medida socioeducativa para el narcotráfico en Brasil son niños negros, con baja escolaridad, que viven con sus madres en territorios de bajos ingresos, caracterizados por relaciones cotidianas permeadas por la violencia, escasez de instalaciones y oportunidades públicas. por trabajo. Se identificaron y problematizaron tres dimensiones: determinaciones sociales en los procesos salud-enfermedad: desde los riesgos de la psiquiatrización hasta el exterminio de la juventud; medidas socioeducativas: criminalización de la pobreza, selectividad criminal y fracaso del sistema; trabajo: supervivencia, pertenencia y explotación. Conclusión: En la literatura científica, no hay una problematización evidente de la participación del narcotráfico en la explotación del trabajo infantil, pero las producciones técnicas han expresado tal ambivalencia jurídica en Brasil, apoyando el apoyo de acciones y nuevas investigaciones sobre el tema. La actual política de drogas favorece el sustento de la relación perversa entre el tráfico y el Estado, en el establecimiento de una gestión urbana atravesada por el tráfico ilícito de drogas que diferencia socialmente territorios y subjetividades, impactando la doctrina de la protección integral.Palabras clave: Adolescente. Tráfico de Drogas. Trabajo Infantil. Terapia Ocupacional

The priceless child talks back: How working children respond to global norms against child labor

Childhood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Isabel Jijon
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Working Children ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Global Norms

This article examines how working children understand the morality of child labor. Drawing on interviews with children in Bolivia and Ecuador, I find that children call child labor moral when it helps them manage their social ties. Working children do not think of themselves as individuals needing care (per international organizations like the International Labor Organization) or as a cultural group needing recognition (per the “working children’s movements”). Rather, children describe themselves as morally upright members of intimate networks. I conclude by introducing the concept of relational dignity.

scholarly journals Urgensi Ratifikasi Konvensi International Labor Organization: Perspektif Perlindungan Pekerja Anak Pada Sektor Rumah Tangga

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Rika Putri Subekti
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Domestic Worker ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
International Labor

The issue of domestic worker has not become governor of Indonesia policy priorities. This can be seen from the lack of a structure for the comprehensive and lack of regulations that provide solutions, as well as lack of supporting structure of the implementation. The Act of Manpower is not regulating specifically on the protection of domestic workers, especially for children. International Labor Organization Convention Number 189 concerning Decent Works for Domestic Worker, regulates the protection of domestic workers all over the world, however, Indonesia has not ratified this convention yet. This research is normative legal research that using statute and conceptual approach. Data collection techniques used in this study is literature study. The results of the study indicate that the regulation on the protection of child laborers employed as a domestic worker in Indonesia has not been regulated separately so that in the case of legal protection is not sufficient, in the case of law enforcement in case of violation of the law on the rights of the child. The urgency for the Government to immediately ratify ILO Convention No. 189 on Decent Work of Domestic Workers in order to establish a standard of employment for domestic workers as an effort to realize protection for domestic workers in general and for child domestic workers in particular. It is important for government to carry out the National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (RAN-WFCL) to prevent and eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Isu tentang Pekerja Rumah Tangga (PRT) belum menjadi suatu prioritas kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia. Hal ini terlihat dari belum adanya suatu struktur regulasi yang komprehensif dan solutif, disertai struktur pendukung dalam tataran implementasinya. Ketentuan Undang-Undang tentang Ketenagakerjaan belum mengatur secara khusus mengenai perlindungan terhadap pembantu rumah tangga khususnya bagi anak-anak. Namun telah ada konvensi internasional yang mengatur secara khusus tentang Pekerja Rumah Tangga (PRT) yaitu Konvensi ILO Nomor 189 tentang Kerja Layak Pembantu Rumah Tangga. Konvensi ini merupakan perlindungan bagi pembantu rumah tangga di seluruh dunia. Namun, hingga saat ini Indonesia belum meratifikasi konvensi tersebut. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaturan tentang perlindungan pekerja anak yang dipekerjakan sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di Indonesia belum diatur secara khusus sehingga dalam hal perlindungan hukum belum memadai. Urgensi bagi Pemerintah untuk segera meratifikasi Konvensi ILO Nomor 189 tentang Kerja Layak PRT dalam rangka menetapkan suatu standard ketenagakerjaan bagi PRT sebagai upaya mewujudkan perlindungan bagi PRT secara umum dan bagi PRT Anak pada khususnya. Upaya Pemerintah dalam mewujudkan perlindungan terhadap PRT Anak adalah dengan melakukan Rencana Aksi Nasional Penghapusan Bentuk-Bentuk Pekerjaan Terburuk Bagi Anak (RAN-BPTA) yang bertujuan untuk mencegah dan menghapus bentuk-bentuk pekerjaan terburuk untuk anak.

Child Labor

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Nayar ◽  
Priya Nayar ◽  
Nidhi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Professional Schools ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Civic Organizations ◽  
International Labor

The paper presents a global scenario of child labor by placing the issue in a historical context as well as comparing current work in the field. It specifically explains the psychosocial, political, and economic determinants of child labor and the prevalence of different forms as well as its magnitude in the different regions of the world. It features innovative programs and actions taken against child labor by local governments, civil societies, and United Nations bodies—mainly the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund. The paper also highlights multilateral collaborations among the UN and other international agencies that stand against child labor in general and the employment of children in hazardous conditions. It illustrates the cooperation among local governments, civic organizations, and child-rights movements that have brought gradual changes over the decades toward ending child labor. Further, it suggests that social work, relevant professional schools, and associations working in various disciplines should be engaged in research-based advocacy and find innovative solutions to control child labor.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CHILD LABOR IN AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY OF COTTON GROWERS IN DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
M. Zeeshan ◽  
U. Tariq ◽  
A. H. Makhdoom ◽  
A. Imran ◽  
L. A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
World Wide ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Labor Issue ◽  
High Level ◽  
Basic Level

The work which affects the education, dignity and health of a child is known as child labor. It exists in agriculture sector of Pakistan mostly in the form of hazardous work. The main objective of the study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of cotton growers on child labor issue with special reference to Decent Work of International Labor Organization (ILO). The study was conducted in Bahawalpur district where Decent Work has been implemented by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Pakistan since 2013 as a part of its Sustainable Agriculture Program. Three categories of farmers were identified among a total of 388 selected cotton growers i.e. Farmers having high level of awareness, farmers having basic level of awareness and farmers having no awareness of child labor. Farmers were also categorized into three groups on the basis of their land holding i.e. (Category ‘a’) 1-7 acres, (b) >7-20 acres and (c) >20-50 acres. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistical method. Among category ‘a’ 7.5%, 88.7% and 3.7% of the farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘b’ 7.2%, 88.5% and4.2% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘c’ 5.8%, 90.2% and 3.9% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Since there was a large proportion of those farmers who have only basic level of awareness on child labor among all the three land holding categories, therefore, there is a need to educate farmers on preventing child labor at their farms to promote sustainable cotton.

Federal Governments and International Labor Agreements

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-431
Author(s):  
Harold W. Stoke
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
The Right

The International Labor Organization has become one of the most active of all the international institutions of the post-war period. According to the treaty of Versailles, international labor conferences, composed of delegates from countries which are members of the International Labor Organization, are to meet annually to consider and adopt recommendations and conventions applicable to labor problems and conditions throughout the world. The subjects for a number of possible agreements are suggested in the Versailles treaty, and include the right of association of laborers, the establishment of the eight-hour day, the adoption of the weekly rest period, the abolition of child labor, and various related matters. In drafting conventions and recommendations, the conferences are to be guided by a number of principles laid down in the Versailles treaty, and are asked to recognize that “differences of climate, habit and customs, of economic opportunity and industrial tradition, make strict uniformity in the conditions of labor difficult of immediate attainment.”Economic difficulties alone were recognized, at first, by the makers of the treaty of Versailles as standing in the way of the attainment of “strict uniformity in the conditions of labor.” It was, however, soon brought to the attention of the Peace Conference that governments might not all prove equally competent constitutionally to deal with labor problems, and that some might prove totally lacking in legal capacity to adhere to the proposed labor conventions. This legal limitation was felt to be especially likely to arise in the case of federal governments, in many of which all matters of labor legislation are reserved to the member-states, and hence are beyond the legislative powers of the central governments. It was predicted by some that these legal difficulties would prove more stubborn obstacles to the uniform regulation of labor matters than differences in climate, habits and customs, and economic opportunity.

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