PETRO SOKALSKI’S PUBLICATIONS IN THE “NOTES OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA” (1869-1872)

The second essay in the cycle of the researches of the activities of the Ukrainian composer, publicist, active participant of the national movement of the second half of the XIX-th century Petro Sokalskyi (1832 - 1887) in the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia focuses on the analysis of the authorial articles published in the volumes of «Notes of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia» during 1869–1872. Therefore, the classification of publications by thematic categories and their review in chronological order are the main tasks of the study. It was found out that Petro Sokalskyi not only held the positions of the secretary of the society and editor of “Notes” (from 1869 to 1871), but also actively wrote on agricultural topics. Author's articles of this period were the reviews of the problems of agriculture in the south of the empire in different years; the discussions of measures of encouraging the sheep farming and winemaking in the region; the descriptions of the results of the exhibition of viticulture and winemaking; and so on. The publicist also responded to questions that worried the farmers, winemakers and workers throughout the empire: economic and customs policy, the “wool issue”, the labor issue and more. In fact, on all the above issues, Sokalskyi expressed professional and deep thoughts, and also drew upon the international and European experience, which underscored his general intelligence in different fields of knowledge. The characteristic of this part of the author's journalistic heritage allows not only to supplement the available biographical information, but also to draw the attention of researchers to individual members of the Imperial Society of Agriculture of Southern Russia. In addition, the authors' articles will be useful for agricultural researchers.

Mujeres en STEM, un reto educativo

Science, technology and innovation are elements to respond to the challenges that must be faced, such as, among others, climate change, renewable energies, the nutrition of humanity, health and the administration of resources. Currently, women have a low percentage of representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics majors, STEM, for its acronym in English; the gender gap persists in the labor issue, where companies are required to allow women to enter leadership positions. The ONU, to respond to this evident disparity, in 2015 establishes an international day to recognize the important role it has in science and technology, which is proclaimed on February 11 as International Day of Women and Girls in the Science. This research analyzes the perception of women who were trained in STEM careers, with the purpose of knowing their perception in six aspects, namely; Perception of their academic training, ability to learn and solve problems in STEM areas, social, educational or family support, academic training, satisfaction in their work and the work environment, gender stereotypes and the analysis of the skills or competencies required.

Seeds of a New Sectionalism

In the age of industrialization and American imperialism, the child labor issue was remade into a symbol of the collapse of the prevailing racial order in the South when the region’s textile industry increasingly employed poor white children. Led by Southern Progressive reformer Edgar Gardner Murphy, reformers redefined the child labor issue as a crisis of white racial deterioration and founded the National Child Labor Committee in 1904. On the basis of saving the South’s poor white children, Northern reformers justified expanded federal authority in the market, but Southern reformers rejected this approach, calling instead for local control of the issue. A split in the movement left in its wake a growing opposition to national child labor reform in the South.

ASSESSMENT OF FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CHILD LABOR IN AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY OF COTTON GROWERS IN DISTRICT BAHAWALPUR

The work which affects the education, dignity and health of a child is known as child labor. It exists in agriculture sector of Pakistan mostly in the form of hazardous work. The main objective of the study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of cotton growers on child labor issue with special reference to Decent Work of International Labor Organization (ILO). The study was conducted in Bahawalpur district where Decent Work has been implemented by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Pakistan since 2013 as a part of its Sustainable Agriculture Program. Three categories of farmers were identified among a total of 388 selected cotton growers i.e. Farmers having high level of awareness, farmers having basic level of awareness and farmers having no awareness of child labor. Farmers were also categorized into three groups on the basis of their land holding i.e. (Category ‘a’) 1-7 acres, (b) >7-20 acres and (c) >20-50 acres. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistical method. Among category ‘a’ 7.5%, 88.7% and 3.7% of the farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘b’ 7.2%, 88.5% and4.2% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Among category ‘c’ 5.8%, 90.2% and 3.9% farmers had advance, basic and no awareness, respectively. Since there was a large proportion of those farmers who have only basic level of awareness on child labor among all the three land holding categories, therefore, there is a need to educate farmers on preventing child labor at their farms to promote sustainable cotton.

Yaowawit School Kapong

The tsunami of December 2004 caused widespread devastation in the southern part of Thailand. After the tragedy, the Yaowawit School Kapong was founded with the aims to provide education and living support to needy children. This public welfare boarding school has been completely funded by partners and donors from all over the world via the Children's World Academy Foundation. However, a major question looms: For how long can the school continue to financially rely on charitable help? Because of this challenge, from the beginning the school's projects have been created to offer a practical education for the children and also generate income to cover the costs of running the school. One of these projects is the Yaowawit Lodge, which was developed to serve as the essential income-generating unit and to provide children with practical training in the hospitality business, the most promising job opportunity in this part of Thailand. Because of its unique character as a for-profit unit within a non-profit organization, Yaowawit Lodge must find ways to target niche customers, position itself in the market, and deliver marketing strategies accordingly. Additional challenges it faces include the location, which is far from the popular tourist areas; market perceptions concerning the combination of a primary school and a hotel; and the child labor issue.(1) To learn about a sustainable development of social entrepreneurship and education (2) To explore and seek opportunities in hospitality business; (3) To formulate niche marketing, targeting, and positioning strategies; (4) To deal with the challenges of organization constraints and market perceptions.

News Coverage of Child Labor Issue in Pakistani Press: A Comparative Analysis of Daily Dawn and Daily Jang

The aim of this research was to evaluate child labor issue in the news coverage of in mainstream Pakistani press. The study also examined the news about awareness and education of the public towards the child labor issue. Quantitative content analysis was done for collection of data. A comparative study was conducted, where the news of the front and back page of the daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) were analyzed through purposive sampling technique from January 1st, 2016 to June 30th, 2016. The study revealed that the issue had not given more coverage, the newspapers had published more news single column, the government organizations had given more information instead of non-government organizations, and both newspapers had given more news about the violation of the child labor rights. While to educate and aware the public less coverage had been given.

Suriyeli sığınmacı çocuk işçiler ve sorunları: Kilis örneği

Suriye’de yaşanan savaş sonucu ülkemize göç edenlerin sayısı milyonları bulmuştur. Bir sınır kenti olan Kilis, büyük bir Suriyeli sığınmacı nüfusa ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı Kilis kentinde bulunan Suriyeli sığınmacıların çocuk işçileri, onların sosyo-mekansal ve sosyo-ekonomik durumlarını irdelemektir. Bu çalışmada eğitim, oyun ve sağlıklı yaşam hakkı tehlikeye giren çocuk işçilerin yaşadıkları sorunlar değerlendirilmiştir. Katmanlı örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen mahalleler ve iş yerlerinde görüşülen 62 çocuk işçi araştırma kapsamına alınmıştır. Suriyeli çocuk işçilerle ilgili verilerin elde edilmesinde anket, görüşme ve gözlem yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Nicel veriler tablolar ve şekiller halinde nitel veriler de betimsel analiz metoduyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada sığınmacı çocuk işçiliği üzerinde yoksulluk, ebeveynlerin işsizliği, ailedeki birey sayısının fazla olması ve aileye maddi destek olma isteğinin belirleyici olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmak zorunda kalan Suriyeli göçmen çocuklar pek çok fiziksel, sosyal ve psikolojik sorunla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu sorunların çözümü için kamu kurumları tarafından gerekli tedbirlerin alınması, ebeveynler ve çocuklar için uygun istihdam koşullarının sağlanması gerekmektedir.ENGLISH ABSTRACTChild labor among Syrian refugees and problems: case of KilisAbstractThe number of refugees fleeing to Turkey due to the civil war in Syria has exceeded 3 millions. As a border city, Kilis hosts a large population of Syrian refugees. The purpose of this study is to examine child labor issue among Syrian refugees and their socio-spatial and socio-economic conditions in Kilis. This study evaluates the problems of child workers whose right to live a healthy life and to play was imperiled. Certain neighborhoods selected according to stratified sampling method and 62 child workers were interviewed and observed in this study. Survey, interview and observation methods were used to collect data about Syrian child labor. Quantitative data were presented in tables and figures; qualitative data was evaluated with the descriptive analysis method. It was found out that poverty, unemployed parents, the number of siblings and eagerness to support the family are among the factors affecting Syrian child labor. The Syrian refugee children who were forced to work face many physical, social and psychological problems. To solve these issues the public authorities should take necessary precautions and need to ensure suitable work places both for parents and children.Keywords: Syrian immigrants; child labor; Turkey; asylum seekers